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Oracle v. Google - Some Potentially Important Victories for Google - Updated
Monday, August 22 2011 @ 09:10 AM EDT

In a flurry of filing activity in the Oracle v. Google case this past week, a couple of rulings by the court stand out. First, Google has won the right 325 [PDF] to file a motion for summary judgment on the Oracle affirmative defense of "assignor estoppel." Second, Google has won the right 328 [PDF] to file a motion for summary judgment on the issue of infringement outside the U.S. under 35 U.S.C. § 271(f). This last one is really important for reasons we will explain.

Most of the rest of the filing and entry activity (there were 40 separate filings or entries from Tuesday through Friday) related to the on-going discovery disputes, including the dispute over the Lindholm emails. In regard to the Lindholm emails, in the latest round Google argues that the declaration filed by Fred Norton in support of Oracle's position was improper because it was not limited to factual information, as directed by the court, but included legal arguments. Oracle says that is not true. So much of this argument has now digressed into "he said; she said". We are inclined to wait for the court to rule before spending more time analyzing this particular dispute.

On the discovery front, Magistrate Ryu has ordered a hearing regarding the overall discovery dispute between the parties for August 25, 2011 at 11:00 a.m. at the U.S. District Court, 1301 Clay Street, Oakland, California 94612.

With regard to the court's ruling on the issue of assignor estoppel, first an understanding of what assignor estoppel is about. The assignor estoppel doctrine holds that a party that sells a patent cannot then turn around and allege the patent to be invalid in patent infringement litigation. Stands to reason. If you are selling a patent and have reason to believe it is invalid and withhold that information from the buyer, you have arguably committed fraud.

In the instant case Oracle argues that certain former Sun employees, who were among the inventors listed in the asserted patents, are now working for Google and, by extension of that employment relationship, Google should be precluded from challenging the validity of those same patents. Google's response 309 [PDF] is that such an employment relationship is not enough to permit the application of the assignor estoppel doctrine. The court found Google's argument sufficiently compelling as to allow 325 [PDF] Google to file a motion for summary judgment on the issue.

The more important ruling in Google's favor was the court's order 328 [PDF] allowing Google to proceed with its motion for summary judgment on the application of 35 U.S.C. § 271(f). § 271(f) is the section of the Patent Act dealing with the export of components of an infringing product. In an important ruling for software companies several years ago the Supreme Court held in the Microsoft v. AT&T case that, where infringement requires the operation of the software on a computer and that software is loaded onto the computer outside the U.S. from a golden master disk shipped from the U.S., § 271(f) does not apply. Essentially, a ruling in favor of Google on this issue would exclude all non-U.S. sales from the reach of Oracle's patent infringement allegations. If Google is ultimately successful on its motion for summary judgment on this issue, they will substantially limit any exposure they may have for damages.

The last important filing of the day was Oracle's response 339 [PDF] to Google's earlier Motion for Summary Judgment on the issue of copyright infringement. Although we don't buy all of Oracle's arguments (most importantly, we don't believe much of what they assert is copyright protected subject matter is, in fact, protected by copyright, such as API's), Oracle has probably done enough in its response to put the issue of copyright infringement before a jury. Of course, the court still needs to rule on Google's summary judgment motion.

[ Update: We have obtained more of the documents, including the exhibits.] *************

Docket

08/16/2011 - 306 - ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE why 278 was untimely filed. Show Cause Response due by 8/23/2011. Signed by Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu on 8/16/2011. (dmrlc2, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/16/2011) Modified on 8/17/2011 (wsn, COURT STAFF). (Entered: 08/16/2011)

08/16/2011 - 307 - ORDER Setting Hearing on Motion 277 . Motion Hearing set for 8/25/2011 11:00 AM before Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu. Signed by Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu on 8/16/2011. (dmrlc2, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/16/2011) (Entered: 08/16/2011)

08/16/2011 - 308 - OBJECTIONS to re 305 Declaration in Support, by Google Inc.. (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/16/2011) (Entered: 08/16/2011)

08/16/2011 - 309 - Letter from Robert A. Van Nest requesting leave to file motion for summary judgment on affirmative defense of assignor estoppel. (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/16/2011) (Entered: 08/16/2011)

08/16/2011 - 310 - Letter from Robert A. Van Nest requesting leave to file motion for summary judgment on limitation of damages due to failure to mark. (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/16/2011) (Entered: 08/16/2011)

08/16/2011 - 311 - Letter from Robert A. Van Nest requesting leave to file motion for summary judgment of invalidity due to improper broadening reissue. (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/16/2011) (Entered: 08/16/2011)

08/16/2011 - 312 - Letter from Robert A. Van Nest requesting leave to file motion for summary judgment of noninfringement under 35 U.S.C. section 271(c) and (f). (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/16/2011) (Entered: 08/16/2011)

08/17/2011 - 313 - RESPONSE to re 308 Objection ORACLE AMERICA, INC.S REPLY TO GOOGLE INC.S OBJECTIONS TO THE DECLARATION OF FRED NORTON IN SUPPORT OF ORACLES MOTION TO COMPEL PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS OR, IN THE ALTERNATIVE, REQUEST TO RESPOND TO LEGAL ARGUMENT by Oracle America, Inc.. (Holtzman, Steven) (Filed on 8/17/2011) (Entered: 08/17/2011)

08/17/2011 - 314 - ORDER Setting Hearing on Motion. Motion Hearing set for 8/19/2011 03:00 PM before Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu. Signed by Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu on 8/17/2011. (dmrlc2, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/17/2011) (Entered: 08/17/2011) 08/17/2011  Set/Reset Deadlines as to 260 MOTION for Summary Judgment on Count VIII of Plaintiff Oracle America's Amended Complaint. Motion Hearing set for 9/15/2011 02:00 PM in Courtroom 9, 19th Floor, San Francisco before Hon. William Alsup. (whalc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/17/2011) (Entered: 08/17/2011)

08/17/2011 - 315 - AMENDED DOCUMENT by Google Inc.. Amendment to 301 Declaration in Support. (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/17/2011) (Entered: 08/17/2011)

08/17/2011 - 316 - AMENDED DOCUMENT by Google Inc.. Amendment to 299 Declaration in Support. (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/17/2011) (Entered: 08/17/2011)

08/17/2011 - 317 - AMENDED DOCUMENT by Google Inc.. Amendment to 300 Declaration in Support. (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/17/2011) (Entered: 08/17/2011)

08/18/2011 - 318 - Letter from Michael A. Jacobs in Opposition to Google's Request for leave to file motion for summary judgment of 104 patent invalidity due to improper broadening reissue. (Jacobs, Michael) (Filed on 8/18/2011) (Entered: 08/18/2011)

08/18/2011 - 319 - Letter from Michael A. Jacobs in Opposition to Google's Request for leave to file motion for summary judgment on limitation of damages due to failure to mark. (Jacobs, Michael) (Filed on 8/18/2011) (Entered: 08/18/2011)

08/18/2011 - 320 - Letter from Michael A. Jacobs in Response to Google's request for leave to file motion for summary judgment on affirmative defense of assignor estoppel. (Jacobs, Michael) (Filed on 8/18/2011) (Entered: 08/18/2011)

08/18/2011 - 321 - Letter Brief re 312 Letter in response to Google's request for leave to file motion for summary judgment of noninfringement under 35 U.S.C. section 271(c) and (f) filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Related document(s) 312 ) (Jacobs, Michael) (Filed on 8/18/2011) (Entered: 08/18/2011)

08/18/2011 - 322 - ORDER GRANTING EXTENSION re 321 Letter Brief, filed by Oracle America, Inc.. Signed by Judge Alsup on August 18, 2011. (whalc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/18/2011) (Entered: 08/18/2011)

08/18/2011 - 323 - Letter Brief re 312 Letter, 321 Letter Brief, Letter in response to Google's request for leave to file motion for summary judgment of noninfringement under 35 U.S.C. seciton 271(c) and (f) filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Related document(s) 312 , 321 ) (Jacobs, Michael) (Filed on 8/18/2011) (Entered: 08/18/2011)

08/19/2011 - 324 - ***FILED IN ERROR. PLEASE SEE DOCKET # 329 *** Order by Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu granting 304 Administrative Motion to File Under Seal.(dmrlc2, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/19/2011) Modified on 8/19/2011 (dmrlc2, COURT STAFF). (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 325 - ORDER GRANTING LEAVE TO FILE MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON ASSIGNOR ESTOPPEL re 309 Letter filed by Google Inc.. Signed by Judge Alsup on August 19, 2011. (whalc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 326 - ORDER DENYING LEAVE TO FILE MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON PATENT MARKING re 310 Letter filed by Google Inc.. Signed by Judge Alsup on August 19, 2011. (whalc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 327 - ORDER DENYING LEAVE TO FILE MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON '104 PATENT re 311 Letter filed by Google Inc.. Signed by Judge Alsup on August 19, 2011. (whalc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 328 - ORDER PARTIALLY GRANTING AND PARTIALLY DENYING LEAVE TO FILE MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT re 312 Letter filed by Google Inc.. Signed by Judge Alsup on August 19, 2011. (whalc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 329 - ORDER granting motion to file under seal. Signed by Magistrate Judge Donna M. Ryu on 8/19/2011. (dmrlc2, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/19/2011)CORRECTION OF DOCKET # 324 (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 330 - ORDER REGARDING CONFERENCE WITH EXPERT CANDIDATES. Signed by Judge Alsup on August 19, 2011. (whalc1, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 331 -  Declaration of Tim Lindholm in Support of 277 Letter, 286 Order Response to Declaration of Fred Norton filed byGoogle Inc.. (Related document(s) 277 , 286 ) (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 332 -  Declaration of Matt Cutts in Support of 277 Letter, 286 Order Response to Declaration of Fred Norton filed byGoogle Inc.. (Related document(s) 277 , 286 ) (Van Nest, Robert) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 334 - DOCUMENT E-FILED UNDER SEAL re 329 Order on Administrative Motion to File Under Seal Declaration of Fred Norton In Support of Plaintiff's Motion to Compel Production of Documents by Oracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit Exhibits A through W)(Norton, William) (Filed on 8/19/2011) Modified on 8/19/2011 (vlk, COURT STAFF). (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 335 -  Administrative Motion to File Under Seal Exhibit 4 to the Second Declaration of Fred Norton filed by Oracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit Simion Declaration In Support Of Plaintiff's Administrative Motion to Seal Exhibit 4, # 2 Proposed Order)(Norton, William) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 336 -  Declaration of Fred Norton in Support of 277 Letter, 335 Administrative Motion to File Under Seal Exhibit 4 to the Second Declaration of Fred Norton, 286 Order filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1-4)(Related document(s) 277 , 335 , 286 ) (Norton, William) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 337 -  Declaration of George P. Simion in Support of 277 Letter, 336 Declaration in Support, 335 Administrative Motion to File Under Seal Exhibit 4 to the Second Declaration of Fred Norton, 286 Order filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Related document(s) 277 , 336 , 335 , 286 ) (Norton, William) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/19/2011 - 338 - OBJECTIONS to re 261 Declaration in Support, 262 Declaration in Support, Oracle's Objections to Google's evidence in support of Google's motion for summary judgment on Count VIII of Oracle's Amended Complaint by Oracle America, Inc.. (Peters, Marc) (Filed on 8/19/2011) (Entered: 08/19/2011)

08/20/2011 - 339 - RESPONSE (re 260 MOTION for Summary Judgment on Count VIII of Plaintiff Oracle America's Amended Complaint ) filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Kuwayti, Kenneth) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

08/20/2011 - 340 -  Administrative Motion to File Under Seal filed by Oracle America, Inc.. (Swoopes, Roman) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

08/20/2011 - 341 -  Declaration of John C. Mitchell in Support of 339 Opposition/Response to Motion filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit 2, # 3 Exhibit 3, # 4 Exhibit 4)(Related document(s) 339 ) (Peters, Marc) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

08/20/2011 - 342 -  Declaration of Alan Purdy in Support of 339 Opposition/Response to Motion filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit A, # 2 Exhibit B, # 3 Exhibit C)(Related document(s) 339 ) (Peters, Marc) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

08/20/2011 - 343 - DECLARATION of Roman A. Swoopes in Opposition to 339 Opposition/Response to Motion filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1, # 2 Exhibit 2, # 3 Exhibit 3, # 4 Exhibit 4, # 5 Exhibit 5, # 6 Exhibit 6, # 7 Exhibit 7, # 8 Exhibit 8, # 9 Exhibit 9, # 10 Exhibit 10, # 11 Exhibit 11, # 12 Exhibit 12, # 13 Exhibit 13, # 14 Exhibit 14, # 15 Exhibit 15, # 16 Exhibit 16)(Related document(s) 339 ) (Kuwayti, Kenneth) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

08/20/2011 - 344 - EXHIBITS re 343 Declaration in Opposition, to Google's Motion for Summary Judgment on Count VIII of Oracle's Amended Complaint (Exs. 17-18) filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 18 (part one), # 2 Exhibit 18 (part two))(Related document(s) 343 ) (Kuwayti, Kenneth) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

08/20/2011 - 345 - EXHIBITS re 343 Declaration in Opposition, to Google's Moiton for Summary Judgment on Count VIII of Oracle's Amended Complaint (Exs. 19-20) filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 20)(Related document(s) 343 ) (Kuwayti, Kenneth) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

08/20/2011 - 346 - EXHIBITS re 343 Declaration in Opposition, to Google's Motion for Summary Judgment on Count VIII of Oracle's Amended Complaint (Exs. 21-22) filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 22)(Related document(s) 343 ) (Kuwayti, Kenneth) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

08/20/2011 - 347 - EXHIBITS re 343 Declaration in Opposition, to Google's Motion for Summary Judgment on Count VIII of Oracle's Amended Complaint filed byOracle America, Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 24, # 2 Exhibit 25, # 3 Exhibit 26, # 4 Exhibit 27)(Related document(s) 343 ) (Kuwayti, Kenneth) (Filed on 8/20/2011) (Entered: 08/20/2011)

******************

Documents

312:

[Keker & Van Nest Letterhead]

August 16, 2011

The Honorable William Alsup
U.S. District Court, Northern District of California
450 Golden Gate Avenue
San Francisco, California 94102

Re: Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc., No. 3:10-CV-03561-WHA (N.D. Cal.)

Dear Judge Alsup:

Google seeks leave to file, by the dispositive motions deadline of September 8, 2011, a motion for summary judgment of noninfringement regarding Oracle’s infringement allegations under 35 U.S.C. §§ 271(c) & (f). Oracle contends that Google infringes its patents under section 271(f) by supplying Android and Android SDK to foreign contractors and that Google contributorily infringes under section 271(c) by selling or offering to sell Android and Android SDK domestically. (See Oracle’s Second Supplemental Patent Local Rule 3-1 Disclosure of Asserted Claims and Infringement Contentions.)

The Supreme Court has squarely foreclosed Oracle’s allegations of infringement under section 271(f). See Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp., 550 U.S. 437 (2007). In Microsoft, the Supreme Court held that software that is “uncoupled from a medium” is not “a combinable component” as contemplated by the statute. Id. at 450. Software can be a component of a patented invention only if “it is expressed as a computer-readable ‘copy.’” Id. at 449. The Court therefore concluded that Microsoft could not be liable because the physical discs and electronic transmissions that it supplied were not the same copies used by the allegedly infringing computers. Id. at 453-54.

Microsoft is directly on point here. Foreign handset manufacturers that download Android code may modify the downloaded code in whatever manner they wish. If a

The Honorable William Alsup
August 16, 2011
Page 2

manufacturer obtains the code as source code, they then compile that source code, make copies of the binary executable code, and then download those copies onto handsets. Similarly, if a manufacturer obtains binary code, they make copies of the binary code and then download them onto handsets. Whether or not the manufacturer obtains Android code in source or binary object code form, as in Microsoft, the copies of the binary executable code that are eventually downloaded onto handsets are both “uncoupled from a medium” for purposes of copying and download and “did not exist until they were generated by third parties outside the United States.” Id. at 453. A copy of code on a handset is not the same copy as the binary code copied for download, much less the same copy as the source code downloaded from a server prior to compilation or further copying. Google thus does not supply “components of a patented invention,” as required by section 271(f).

There are two reasons Oracle’s allegations of contributory infringement under section 271(c) fail as a matter of law. First, the reasoning of Microsoft applies equally to section 271(c), which applies only to “a component of a patented machine, manufacture, combination, or composition, or a material or apparatus for use in practicing a patented process . . . .” 35 U.S.C. § 271(c) (emphases added). Under ordinary rules of statutory interpretation, the term “component” must have the same meaning in both statutory subsections. See FCC v. AT&T Inc., 131 S. Ct. 1177, 1185 (2011). Section 271(c) differs from section 271(f) in that it also applies to process claims, but for those claims the contributory infringement is limited to selling or offering for sale “a material or apparatus for use in practicing a patented process.” If Android source code unconnected from a medium cannot be a component because it is intangible, then a fortiori neither can it be a material or apparatus, which plainly refer to tangible things. Thus, if Oracle’s

The Honorable William Alsup
August 16, 2011
Page 3

allegations of infringement under section 271(f) cannot succeed, neither can its theory of contributory infringement under section 271(c).

The second, but no less compelling, reason Oracle’s contributory infringement allegations fail is that section 271(c) applies only to offers for sale, sales, and importation, but Google does not sell, offer to sell, or import Android or Android SDK. The Federal Circuit has repeatedly held that the terms “offer to sell” and “sell” in the Patent Act take their ordinary meanings. See, e.g., PharmaStem Therapeutics, Inc. v. Viacell, Inc., 491 F.3d 1342, 1356-59 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“transfer” not a sale); Rotec Indus., Inc. v. Mitsubishi Corp., 215 F.3d 1246, 1254-55 (Fed. Cir. 2000); HollyAnne Corp. v. TFT, Inc., 199 F.3d 1304, 1308-09 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (offer to donate not an offer to sell). The ordinary meaning of “sale” requires transfer of ownership for a price. See, e.g., NTP, Inc. v. Research in Motion, Ltd., 418 F.3d 1282, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Enercon GmbH v. ITC, 151 F.3d 1376, 1381-82 (Fed. Cir. 1998). Android and Android SDK are offered free of charge to anyone who wishes to download them off the Internet, however, and there is no evidence that Google ever receives any consideration in return. That undisputed fact precludes a finding of contributory infringement.

Summary judgment with respect to these theories would greatly streamline the issues for trial because the vast bulk of Oracle’s infringement arguments are directed at devices that are manufactured and sold by third parties, thus requiring an indirect infringement theory. The relevant facts are undisputed, and these issues are ripe for resolution as a matter of law. Google therefore respectfully requests leave to file a motion on these issues.

Sincerely,

/s/ Robert A. Van Nest


328:

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
GOOGLE INC.,
Defendant.

No. C 10-03561 WHA

ORDER PARTIALLY GRANTING AND PARTIALLY DENYING LEAVE TO FILE MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT

Defendant requests leave to file a motion for partial summary judgment regarding plaintiff’s allegations of indirect infringement under 35 U.S.C. 271(c) and 35 U.S.C. 271(f) (Dkt. No. 312). Plaintiff opposes defendant’s request (Dkt. Nos. 321, 323). Having considered the submissions from both sides, the request is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.

As to the allegations under 35 U.S.C. 271(f), the request is GRANTED. The motion must be filed by SEPTEMBER 8, 2011, and it must be noticed for a hearing on the normal 35-day track. The brief, opposition, and reply brief each may be no more than ten pages. Plaintiff’s counsel state that “it may be possible for the parties to resolve the 271(f) issue without judicial intervention” (Dkt. No. 323). Plaintiff’s counsel remain free to negotiate a resolution of this issue, but in the meantime, defendant may file its motion.

As to the allegations under 35 U.S.C. 271(c), the request is DENIED. The proposed motion directed at those allegations does not appear likely to materially narrow the issues for trial. This denial is without prejudice to the same non-infringement arguments being raised at trial.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: August 19, 2011.

[signature]
WILLIAM ALSUP
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE


309:

[Keker & Van Nest Letterhead]

August 16, 2011

The Honorable William Alsup
U.S. District Court, Northern District of California
450 Golden Gate Avenue
San Francisco, California 94102

Re: Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc., No. 3:10-CV-03561-WHA (N.D. Cal.)

Dear Judge Alsup:

Google seeks leave to file, by the dispositive motion deadline of September 8, 2011, a motion for partial summary judgment on Oracle’s First Affirmative Defense of assignor estoppel. Oracle claims that, because Google hired four engineers who used to work at Sun, Google may not assert invalidity counterclaims against three patents those engineers assigned to Sun while they worked there. But that is nowhere near enough to create estoppel. Assignor estoppel would be appropriate only if Google’s alleged infringement depended upon the engineers’ knowledge and assistance. Because the undisputed facts prove the contrary, there can be no assignor-estoppel here. See Earth Res. Corp. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (1999).

Assignor estoppel "is an equitable doctrine that prevents one who has assigned the rights to a patent (or patent application)" — usually the inventor — "from later contending that what was assigned is a nullity." Diamond Scientific Co. v. Ambico, Inc., 848 F.2d 1220, 1224 (Fed. Cir. 1988). Assignor estoppel also extends to "other parties in privity with the assignor[.]" Id. Oracle asserts that the matter claimed by the ’520, ’205, and ’104 patents was invented by Sun engineers who assigned their rights in those patents to Sun before joining Google, and that Google is “in privity with” those inventors (and thus estopped from challenging the validity of the assigned patents) because it hired the inventors “to work on Java, Web browser, and virtual machine technologies” at Google.

The Honorable William Alsup
August 16, 2011
Page 2

Tellingly, Oracle does not (and cannot truthfully) even assert that any of these former Sun engineers developed or implemented any aspect of the technologies accused in this lawsuit. In fact, the undisputed evidence will show that none of the inventors worked on developing or implementing Android at all—much less on the specific technologies that allegedly infringe the assigned patents. On these facts, Oracle’s assignor-estoppel defense must fail because Google is not in “privity” with the inventors within the meaning of the assignor-estoppel doctrine.

“A contractual relationship alone is not enough to establish privity” with a patent assignor. Earth Res., 44 Fed. Cl. at 286. There is “no privity between a corporation and a mere employee thereof.” Shamrock Techs., Inc. v. Med. Sterilization, Inc., 903 F.3d 789, 794 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (citations omitted). Rather, “[w]hat is significant” is “whether the ultimate infringer availed itself of the inventor’s ‘knowledge and assistance’ to conduct infringement.” Intel Corp. v. U.S. Int’l Trade Comm’n, 946 F.2d 821, 839 (Fed. Cir. 1991). Courts evaluate whether an inventor is in “privity” with a new, allegedly infringing employer by considering “the equities dictated by the relationship . . . in light of the act of infringement.” Shamrock, 903 F.2d at 793. “[T]he relevant knowledge of which the defendant company avails itself is the knowledge and assistance associated with the manufacture of the infringing product.” HWB, Inc. v. Braner, 869 F. Supp. 579, 582 (N.D. Ill. 1994). “Every employer provides some knowledge or assistance to his employer. Those who do not are terminated. Thus, . . . the relevant question is whether the assignor/inventor plays such a significant part in his new employer’s infringing operations that his new employer could not have initiated the infringing operations without the assistance of the assignor/inventor.” Id.

This demanding standard is not met, for example, even where the assignor-inventor is a corporate officer of the new employer who helps sell the infringing product, but does not aid in its design or manufacture. See HWB, 869 F. Supp. at 581-83. Nor is it met where the assignor-

The Honorable William Alsup
August 16, 2011
Page 3

inventor “owns an insignificant number of defendant’s shares,” “does not sit on its board of directors,” and “holds no sway over defendant’s finances or strategic decisions.” Acushnet Co. v. Dunlop Maxfli Sports Corp., 2000 WL 987979, at *3 (D. Del. June 29, 2000); see also Warrior Lacrosse, Inc. v. Brine, Inc., 2006 WL 763190, at **28-29 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 8, 2006).

By contrast, privity may exist where the assignor/inventor holds a high position and a large number of shares in his new employer and was hired to set up and oversee that employer’s production of the infringing product. See Shamrock, 903 F.2d at 794. Privity likewise may exist where the assignor/inventor played an “extensive role” in establishing the joint venture that created some of the allegedly infringing products, and personally indemnified a joint-venture partner against infringement suits. See Intel, 946 F.2d at 833, 838-39.

Here, in response to an interrogatory asking for all facts supporting its estoppel defense, Oracle alleges only that Google hired the inventors “to work on Java, Web browser, and virtual machine technologies” at Google. Oracle does not (and cannot) allege that Google used the inventors’ knowledge and assistance to develop any aspects of the accused Dalvik Virtual Machine or of the Android SDK that allegedly infringe the patents that those inventors assigned to Sun. As a matter of law, this does not qualify as “privity” that could support an assignor estoppel defense. “Assignor estoppel was not designed to prevent companies from competing for talented employees[.]” Acushnet, 2000 WL 987979, at *3.

Accordingly, the Court should grant Google leave to file a motion for partial summary judgment directed to Oracle’s First Affirmative Defense of assignor estoppel.

Sincerely,

s/ Robert A. Van Nest


325:

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.,

Plaintiff,

v.

GOOGLE INC.,

Defendant.

______________________

No. C 10-03561 WHA

ORDER GRANTING
LEAVE TO FILE MOTION
FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
ON ASSIGNOR ESTOPPEL

______________________

Defendant’s request for leave to file a motion for partial summary judgment on plaintiff’s affirmative defense of assignor estoppel (Dkt No. 309) is GRANTED. The motion must be filed by SEPTEMBER 8, 2011, and it must be noticed for a hearing on the normal 35-day track. The brief, opposition, and reply brief each may be no more than ten pages.

Plaintiff’s counsel “believe that the issue of assignor estoppel is one in particular that should be discussed and resolved, by stipulation or otherwise, without judicial intervention” (Dkt. No. 320). Plaintiff’s counsel remain free to negotiate a stipulated resolution of this issue, but in the meantime, defendant may file its motion.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: August 19, 2011.

[signature]
WILLIAM ALSUP
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE


339:

MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP
MICHAEL A. JACOBS (Bar No. 111664)
[email]
MARC DAVID PETERS (Bar No. 211725)
[email]
DANIEL P. MUINO (Bar No. 209624)
[address, phone, fax]

BOIES, SCHILLER & FLEXNER LLP
DAVID BOIES (Admitted Pro Hac Vice)
[email, address, phone, fax]
STEVEN C. HOLTZMAN (Bar No. 144177)
[email, address, phone, fax]

ORACLE CORPORATION
DORIAN DALEY (Bar No. 129049)
[email]
DEBORAH K. MILLER (Bar No. 95527)
[email]
MATTHEW M. SARBORARIA (Bar No. 211600) [email]
[address, phone, fax]

Attorneys for Plaintiff
ORACLE AMERICA, INC.

__________________________

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.

Plaintiff,

v.

GOOGLE INC.

Defendant.

_____________________

Case No. CV 10-03561 WHA

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.’S
OPPOSITION TO GOOGLE’S
MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT ON COUNT VIII OF
ORACLE’S AMENDED
COMPLAINT

Date: September 15, 2011
Time: 2:00 p.m.
Dept.: Courtroom 9, 19th Floor
Judge: Honorable William H. Alsup

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION ............................................................ 1

STATEMENT OF FACTS ................................................... 2

ARGUMENT............................................................. 8

I. GOOGLE’S WHOLESALE COPYING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF JAVA
API SPECIFICATIONS IS COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.......................................... 8

A. Ninth Circuit Law Requires An Analysis Of The Particular Expressive
Content Of A Copyrighted Computer Program ...................................................... 9

B. Google Cannot Meet Its Burden Of Showing That The Java APIs Do Not
Contain Copyrightable Expression ....................................................................... 12

1. Copyright Law Protects the Original Expression in the Selection,
Coordination and Arrangement Of the Java APIs..................................... 12

2. Copyright Law Protects the Names of the Packages, Classes,
Interfaces, Fields, and Other Elements in the Java APIs .......................... 14

C. The Scenes A Faire And Merger Doctrines Do Not Apply Here ......................... 16

D. Google Copied The APIs ............................................................. 17

E. Google’s Copying Was Not Fair Use ......................................................... 19

II. GOOGLE AND ITS AGENTS LITERALLY COPIED MULTIPLE PROGRAMS,
SOURCE CODE SECTIONS, AND COMMENTS......................................................... 23

CONCLUSION........................................................... 25

i

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Page(s)

CASES

Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int’l, Inc.,
725 F.2d 521 (9th Cir. 1984).............................................................. 10, 11

Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (“Apple I”)
35 F.3d 1435 (9th Cir. 1994).................................................................. 9

Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.,
975 F.2d 832 (Fed. Cir. 1992)............................................................... 20

Autoskill, Inc. v. Nat’l Educ. Support Sys., Inc.,
994 F.2d 1476 (10th Cir. 1993)............................................................ 14

Bateman v. Mnemonics,
79 F.3d 1532 (11th Cir. 1996)........................................................ 17

Baystate Techs. v. Bentley Sys.,
946 F. Supp. 1079 (D. Mass. 1996) ..................................................... 17

Bean v. Littell,
669 F. Supp. 2d 1031 (D. Ariz. 2008)................................................... 23

Biberro Sys., Inc. v. Colwell, Inc.,
893 F.2d 1104 (9th Cir. 1990)................................................................ 12

Boisson v. Banian, Ltd.,
273 F.3d 262 (2d Cir. 2001)................................................................. 15

Brown Bag Software v. Symantec Corp.,
960 F.2d 1465 (9th Cir. 1992)........................................................ 11

Campbell v. Acuff-Rose,
510 U.S. 569 (1994).............................................................. 19

CMAX/Cleveland, Inc. v. UCR, Inc.,
804 F. Supp. 337 (M.D. Ga. 1992) ................................................... 14, 15

Control Data Sys., Inc. v. Infoware, Inc.,
903 F. Supp. 1316 (D. Minn. 1995) ................................................ 16

Dream Games of Ariz., Inc. v. PC Onsite,
561 F.3d 983 (9th Cir. 2009)....................................................... 16

ii

Eng’g Dynamics, Inc. v. Structural Software, Inc.,
26 F.3d 1335 (5th Cir. 1994)........................................................... 14

Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker,
554 U.S. 471 (2008)........................................................ 10

Gen. Universal Sys., Inc. v. Lee,
379 F.3d 131 (5th Cir. 2004)......................................................... 11

Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters.,
471 U.S. 539 (1985)............................................................... 21, 22

Johnson Controls, Inc. v. Phoenix Control Sys., Inc.,
886 F.2d 1173 (9th Cir. 1989)...................................................... 9

Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int’l, Inc.,
49 F.3d 807 (1st Cir. 1995), aff’d by an evenly divided court, 516 U.S. 233 (1996).................................................. 9, 10, 11, 17

Merchant Transaction Sys., Inc. v. Nelcela, Inc.,
2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25663 (D. Ariz. Mar. 17, 2009) .................................................... 9, 15

Miller v. Facebook,
2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61715 (N.D. Cal. May 27, 2010) ........................................................ 9

Mitel, Inc. v. Iqtel, Inc.,
124 F.3d 1366 (10th Cir. 1997)........................................... 11, 17

Newton v. Diamond,
388 F.3d 1189 (9th Cir. 2004)...................................................... 24, 25

Pye v. Mitchell,
574 F.2d 476 (9th Cir. 1978)......................................................... 18

Sega Enters., Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc.,
977 F.2d 1510 (9th Cir. 1993)............................................. 19, 20, 22

Shaw v. Lindheim,
919 F.2d 1353 (9th Cir 1990)............................................................ 18

Sony Computer Entm’t, Inc v. Connectix,
203 F.3d 596 (9th Cir. 2000)....................................................... 19, 20

Swirsky v. Carey,
376 F. 3d 841 (9th Cir. 2001)....................................................... 12

Toro Co. v. R & R Prods. Co.,
787 F.2d 1208 (8th Cir. 1986)...................................................... 11

iii

STATUTES

17 U.S.C. § 101.................................................................... 9, 10

17 U.S.C. § 102(b)............................................................... 10

17 U.S.C. § 106(1) ........................................................... 17

17 U.S.C. § 107(1) ............................................................... 19

37 C.F.R. § 202.3(b)(4)(A) ........................................................ 23

OTHER AUTHORITIES

1 Nimmer on Copyright § 2.03[D] ....................................................... 11

3 Nimmer on Copyright § 13.05[A], at 13-72............................................... 21

4 Nimmer on Copyright § 13.03[B][1][a] .................................................. 18

iv

INTRODUCTION

The copying in this case is undisputed. Over a period of many months, Google employees and contractors sat down and duplicated, line by line, the specifications for Oracle’s application programming interfaces (“APIs”) for Java. When they were finished, they had reproduced specifications for 37 APIs from Java’s core libraries that were identical, or nearly identical to Oracle’s, and they had copied those specifications into Android code.

APIs are one of the most important aspects of a complex modern software program like Java. The Java APIs, in particular, serve as the guide to, and set forth the structure of, an extensive set of class libraries that provide developers with pre-packaged code they call upon during their programming. The choice of what to include in the APIs and how to arrange them requires creativity and skill. The 37 APIs contain thousands of different elements, arranged in a unique structure, with many interdependent relationships. They readily meet the standard for copyright protection. Google, in fact, claims copyright protection for its own APIs.

Google nonetheless urges the Court to hold that all APIs are not copyrightable as a matter of law. No court has ever done so. Google’s request is contrary to Ninth Circuit law, which provides that the copyrightability of the non-literal components of a computer program is to be examined on the particular facts of each case.

Google also asks the Court to excuse its copying on the ground that it was required for compatibility. But Google undermined the compatibility of Java. It took the APIs it wanted, to attract developers to Android and gain market share quickly, and left those it did not ─ fragmenting Java and its “write once, run anywhere” promise.

Google also engaged in line-for-line copying of Oracle’s source code, object code and comments in 12 separate programs. Google says it should be given a pass, claiming the copying is de minimis. It is not. Each program is entitled to protection as a separate work, and Google copied a substantial portion of each – and in most cases the entire program. And when combined with the copying of the APIs, Google’s copying is significant even for Java as a whole.

1

STATEMENT OF FACTS

Google’s motion does not dispute copyright ownership or that copying took place. And the parties’ experts agree that copying the APIs had great value to Google – Google’s expert goes so far as to say that Google’s copying was “essentially required.” (ECF No. 262-1, Astrachan Ex. 1 ¶¶ 130-136.) But the parties dispute many other points, including: whether the APIs contain copyrightable expression; the substantial similarity of the API specifications; the significance of Google’s copying of the APIs and code; whether Google was required to copy the APIs for compatibility purposes; whether Android should be considered a transformative use; the impact on the potential market for and value of, Oracle’s copyrighted work; and the propriety of Google’s conduct. These disputed issues preclude summary judgment.

The Importance of APIs and Class Libraries. The Java programming language has been consistently ranked among the leading programming languages since its release in 1996. According to one widely used index, Java has been the top programming language since at least 2002. (See Mitchell Decl. Ex. 1 (“Mitchell Opening Report”) ¶¶ 56-62.) There are over 6.5 million Java programmers worldwide. (See Swoopes Decl. Ex. 20,)

The Java platform’s success is in part due to the popularity of the Java programming language. But along with the programming language, Sun developers wrote extensive, well-crafted APIs for many different functions. Another important factor in Java’s success has been the “robust and elegant API specifications and class libraries that implement them.” (Mitchell Decl. Ex. 2 (“Mitchell Opp. Report”) ¶ 20.) As Joshua Bloch, a former Sun engineer now working for Google, who designed many of the Java APIs at issue, put it: [REDACTED] (Swoopes Decl. Ex. 1 at 92:13-23.)

The APIs in question support Java’s “class libraries.” The class libraries Sun wrote help developers program more quickly and efficiently by enabling them to call upon certain prewritten “classes,” so that they do not have to write them from scratch. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 51-52.) The APIs tell the programmer how to use the library, and include a set of names that can be used to access different features of the library, together with conventions about their use.

2

Java’s class libraries include thousands of “methods” that are accessible through the APIs. Java’s APIs and class libraries were designed to be extensive from the start. In 1996, for example, the libraries were documented in a 1650 page book called The JavaTM Class Libraries: An Annotated Reference. (Id. ¶ 51.) These libraries have been become even larger over time.

The APIs Contain Many Original and Creative Elements. The Java APIs are the blueprint to the class libraries. They are not just a list of names and methods, but an extraordinarily complex structure of hierarchy and interdepency.

The design of the Java APIs includes methods, and “method signatures,” which include the parameters associated with the method. There are also, in many cases, “fields,” which are structures for storing data. These methods and fields are organized into classes, and the classes are organized into packages. For each class in the library, the API describes the fields and methods within it and identifies those that are exposed to other classes. (See, e.g., id. ¶ 171; Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 20-28.) The API also defines the relationship of each class to other classes and packages of classes. The API designer must decide which packages, classes, methods and fields to include in the API, as well as the relationships and interdependencies among the thousands of individual elements. (See id.)

Designing the APIs for a complex structure like the Java platform requires a great deal of creativity and skill. In the words of Joshua Bloch: “API design is an art, not a science.” (Swoopes Decl. Ex. 19. See also Ex. 1 at 235:3-20 [REDACTED]).) Robert Lee, the leader of Android’s core library development team, [REDACTED] (Ex. 3 at 13:9-14:11.) Many articles and books are dedicated to the techniques and considerations involved in writing APIs. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 6-9.) If APIs are written well, they create a beneficial cycle. A well-designed API is easier to learn and use, so developers will be more likely to adopt the platform and write more applications, creating more appeal to the platform for end users, which in turn attracts more developers. (Id. ¶ 172.)

A recent article in “Communications of the ACM,” a pre-eminent journal, describes the creative challenges in API design: “There seems to be something elusive about API design that, despite years of progress, we have yet to master.” It continues:

3

Good APIs are hard. We all recognize a good API when we get to use one. Good APIs are a joy to use. They work without friction and almost disappear from sight: the right call for a particular job is available at just the right time, can be found and memorized easily, is well documented, has an interface that is intuitive to use, and deals correctly with boundary conditions.
(Swoopes Decl. Ex. 21, M. Henning, “API Design Matters,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 52 No. 5 at 46-47 (emphasis in original); Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 6.)

Google Makes The Strategic Decision To Center Android On Java. Google decided that Java was by far the best choice for Android. It knew that Android’s success would depend on providing consumers with a wide variety of user-installable applications, many of which would be developed by third parties. [REDACTED] (See, e.g., Ex. 10, GOOGLE-01-00025376 at 419 [REDACTED]

[REDACTED] See Ex. 9, GOOGLE-01-00019529 at 530.) [REDACTED] (Ex. 12, GOOGLE-14-00042244 at 246; Ex. 4 at 172:7-173:14, 176:5-177:11.) Copying the core Java APIs saved Google “an enormous amount of time.” (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 80.) And Google’s expert opines that it would have been “very difficult for Google” to persuade developers to switch to different APIs. (Astrachan Ex. 1 ¶ 135.)

Google Chooses To Base Its Android Platform On Java Without Taking A License. Oracle offers to license developers to make their own independent implementations of the Java API specifications provided they are fully compatible and do not fragment the platform. (See, e.g., Swoopes Decl. Ex. 22; Ex. 27 at 21:14-22:13, 70:19-71:17.)

Google could have taken the standard license, or it could have negotiated to obtain a special license. It did neither. Google recognized internally it had two alternatives to working with Sun:[REDACTED] (Ex. 8, GOOGLE-01-00019527 at 527-528 (emphasis added).)

Google decided to roll the dice and push ahead with Java.

4

Google Copied The Java API Specifications. Google got down to work and began implementing not only the Java programming language and overall “write once, run anywhere” architecture, but also copying the core Java API specifications, including the 37 asserted here.1

Google admits that Android developers had access to the API specifications for Java 2 Standard Edition Version 5.0. (Ex. 7, Google Resp. to Pl.’s Req. for Admission No. 168.) Robert Lee, the lead developer for the Android core libraries, testified that [REDACTED] (Ex. 3 at 65:8-66:16.) [REDACTED] (Id. at 66:17-67:5.; see also Ex. 2 at 161:5-20.)

Google does not deny that it deliberately copied 37 APIs from Java’s core libraries. The APIs are extensive. They include thousands of elements. When fully printed out, they extend to more than 10,000 pages. (Swoopes Decl. ¶ 28.) When Google finished its copying, it proclaimed on the Android developer website: “Android includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language.” (Ex. 26.)

Java and Android organize the 37 packages and classes identically. These 37 packages have identical names and identical or nearly identical structures. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶ 203.) For example, in both Java and in Android, the package java.nio contains the same ten classes, with identical names. (Id. ¶ 204.) Drilling down a level further into just one of these ten classes, java.nio.IntBuffer, shows that of the 25 individual methods that are included, 24 are also present in Android. Fifteen of the methods are identical, five make minor changes to the names but are otherwise identical, and four merely add the keyword “final” but are otherwise identical. (Id. ¶¶ 205-206; see also Exs. Copyright-A-D (side-by-side comparisons of 4 packages).) Google does not deny that it intentionally chose its names and organizational structure to match the Java APIs. (See Google Mot. at 16:15-22; Astrachan Ex. 1 ¶ 130.)

____________________

5

The Java API specifications also include explanatory comments describing each method. Dr. Mitchell found that these comments are also substantially similar in two files in the Java and Android documentation. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶ 207.) A side-by-side comparison is included as exhibits E and F to Dr. Mitchell’s opening report. (See id. at Exs. Copyright-E-F.)

Android’s Source Code Is Derived From The Copied API Specifications. Google also implemented the copied API specifications into Android source code. Google tries to downplay the significance of this, acknowledging only that it copied the “names of packages and methods and definitions.” (Google Mot. at 16:15-17.) In fact, Google copied the entire hierarchical and organizational structure of the APIs into the Android source code.

Mr. Lee, Android’s lead core library developer, wrote in a 2008 document that he was [REDACTED] (Swoopes Decl. Ex. 14, GOOGLE-40-00034698.) Mr. Lee testified that [REDACTED] (Ex. 3 at 14:7-11, 64:8-20, 65:8-66:16.) Google copied Java API specifications verbatim, or nearly verbatim, into its source code and then included code that implemented what was called for by the specification. (See Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 209-219.) Google repeated this thousands of times, until it had replicated all, or nearly all, of the methods contained in the 37 API specifications, in accordance with the same design. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 77.) Instead of determining for itself what to include in the APIs and class libraries, and their associated interdependencies, Google simply copied the Java APIs and wrote code to carry out each of the specified functions, saving an enormous amount of time. (Id. ¶ 80.) The source code derived from the API specifications can also be found on Android devices, compiled into executable form by Google and device manufacturers. (See Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 220-223.)

Google Literally Copied Oracle’s Source Code, Object Code and Comments. Two Android source code files contain lines of code for a method called “rangeCheck” that are identical to those in Oracle’s copyrighted java.util.Arrays.java program. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶ 233.) The table below shows a side-by-side comparison:

6

Id. The author of Oracle’s Arrays.java code is former Sun engineer Joshua Bloch, [REDACTED] (See Swoopes Decl. Ex. 1 at 39:3-5, 162:8-163:7, 174:1-12.) When asked whether he accessed the Oracle source code while working on TimSort, Bloch testified that [REDACTED] (Id. at 181:7-14.)

Google copied Oracle’s copyrighted Java object code in 8 additional files in their entirety. Using a decompiler, Google used the Java object code to generate source code for Android. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 89-90; Mitchell Opening Report ¶ 242.) The source code for these eight Android programs is nearly identical on a line-by-line basis to files decompiled from Oracle files JDK5, which is available for download from Oracle’s website. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 241- 243, Exs. Copyright-J-Q (side by side comparison of 8 files).

Google does not dispute the copying. But the parties have a factual dispute over its significance. Google’s expert, Dr. Astrachan, states that the 8 copied files are insignificant “test” files that are in part “dummy files.” (Astrachan Ex. 1 ¶¶ 163-165.) Oracle’s expert, Dr. Mitchell, compared these files to the Oracle code and concluded they are not simply dummy test files. The Oracle code is not in the “test” portion of Oracle’s directories. To the extent Google does them for testing, test files are significant too. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 91-95.)

The copying did not stop there. Two more Android files contain a series of comments that are nearly identical to comments in corresponding Java files. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶ 249.) The comments are compared side-by-side at Mitchell Opening Report Exhibits Copyright R-S.

7

Android Gained Rapid Market Acceptance At Oracle’s Expense. Google’s strategy of centering Android on Java has been phenomenally successful. Android’s share of the U.S. Smartphone market has jumped from just below 4% in Q4 ’09, a year after its release, to about 30% of the market by early 2011. (See Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 70, 72-73.)

Google’s success has come at Oracle’s expense. Oracle’s Chief Corporate Architect, Edward Screven, testified that “Android has basically foreclosed” Oracle’s strategy for succeeding in the Smartphone market and that Java is “pretty well locked out of the smartphone market because of Android.” (Swoopes Decl. Ex. 6 at 71:13-72:4, 111:10-112:2.)

In addition, Oracle has been harmed because Google fragmented the Java APIs, severely undercutting Java’s “write once, run anywhere” promise. Though Google copied 37 Java APIs from Java’s core libraries, there were many other APIs it did not implement. Despite its claim that its copying was required for compatibility, the reality is Google took only the parts it wanted and created many other, incompatible APIs for Android. As a result, many programs written in Java for other platforms will not run on Android, and many programs written for Android will not run on Java platforms and devices. (See Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 101-113.)

Notably, Google requires its OEMs to maintain the full set of Android APIs – including the 37 APIs it copied from Oracle ─ to prevent fragmentation of the Android platform. Android’s license is similar to Java’s providing, among other things, that “[d]evice implementations MUST NOT omit any managed APIs,” “MUST NOT modify the publicly exposed APIs on the Android platform,” and “MUST NOT add any publicly exposed elements…to the APIs.” (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 115.) Google itself, of course, has done all of these things to the Java APIs.

ARGUMENT

I. GOOGLE’S WHOLESALE COPYING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
JAVA API SPECIFICATIONS IS COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.

No court has ever found that the APIs for a complex software platform like Java are ineligible for copyright protection. Google asks this Court to find that all application programming interfaces are uncopyrightable as a matter of law ─ regardless of their expressive content ─ because they are supposedly “methods of operation” that are simply “functional

8

requirements for compatibility.” (See, e.g., Google Mot. at 1, 13-14.) Google’s request is not just unprecedented, it is contrary to Ninth Circuit law, which calls for an examination of the particular facts of each case, to distinguish unprotectable ideas from copyrightable expression. The Java APIs that Google copied are complex, creative, and expressive. They are not simply dictated by functionality or compatibility requirements. They pass the test for copyrightability in this Circuit.

A. Ninth Circuit Law Requires An Analysis Of The Particular Expressive
Content Of A Copyrighted Computer Program.

Computer software is expressly subject to copyright protection. 17 U.S.C. § 101. “[C]opyright protection extends not only to the 'literal' elements of computer software – the source and object code – but also to a program’s nonliteral elements, including its structure, sequence, organization, user interface, screen displays and menu structures.” Merchant Transaction Sys., Inc. v. Nelcela, Inc., No. CV 02-1954, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25663, at *29 (D. Ariz. Mar. 17, 2009) (quoting Gen. Universal Sys., Inc. v. Lee, 379 F.3d 131, 142 (5th Cir. 2004)). The Ninth Circuit does not automatically disqualify any of these elements of software from copyright protection. To the contrary, the Ninth Circuit has held:

Whether the nonliteral components of a program, including the structure, sequence and organization and user interface, are protected depends on whether, on the particular facts of each case, the component in question qualifies as the expression of an idea, or an idea itself.
Johnson Controls, Inc. v. Phoenix Control Sys., Inc., 886 F.2d 1173, 1175 (9th Cir. 1989).

In analyzing the “particular facts,” the Ninth Circuit stated in Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (“Apple I”) that “[u]sing analytic dissection and, if necessary, expert testimony,” the court should separate protectable expression from unprotectable ideas to determine whether a work is entitled to copyright protection. 35 F.3d 1435, 1443 (9th Cir. 1994).

This Court has recognized that, “[T]he scope of protection given to copyrighted software is still a developing area of law.” Miller v. Facebook, No. C 10-00264 WHA, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 61715, at *13 (N.D. Cal. May 27, 2010). Google would have the Court skip analysis of whether the APIs contain copyrightable expression, and instead hold that APIs are not eligible for copyright protection because they are “unprotectable methods of operation.” (See Google Mot. at 13-14.) Google’s argument relies on the First Circuit’s approach in Lotus v. Borland, suggesting

9

that, even if code is expressive, it is unprotectable if it can be characterized as a “method of operation.” The Ninth Circuit has never adopted Lotus’ approach, and other circuits have refused to follow it. Moreover, Lotus is factually distinguishable.

Lotus addressed the copyrightablity of the menu in Lotus 1-2-3. See Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int’l, Inc., 49 F.3d 807 (1st Cir. 1995), aff’d by an evenly divided court, 516 U.S. 233 (1996).2 “Accepting” the district court’s finding that Lotus made expressive choices in designing the menu, the court concluded nonetheless that the menu was uncopyrightable because it was a “method of operation” under 17 U.S.C. § 102(b). Id. at 816. The court defined “method of operation” broadly, as “the means by which a person operates something.” Id. at 815.

The Lotus court’s definition of an unprotectable “method of operation” is perilously close to the definition of a computer program under the Copyright Act, which “is a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result.” 17 U.S.C. § 101. The exception proposed by Lotus threatens to swallow the rule whole.

In Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int’l, Inc., 725 F.2d 521, 523-24 (9th Cir. 1984), the Ninth Circuit rejected the argument that computer operating systems programs ─ programs “designed to manage the computer system” ─ are uncopyrightable because they are only “ideas” or “processes” under 17 U.S.C. § 102(b). Examining the Copyright Act and its legislative history, the court upheld the district court’s finding that the Copyright Act “extends protection to all computer programs regardless of the function which those programs perform.” Id. at 523.

The Ninth Circuit cited to the Final Report of the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyright Works (CONTU), which “was established by Congress to consider, inter alia, to what extent computer programs should be protected by copyright law,” and whose recommended statutory changes were adopted “verbatim” by Congress:

The copyright status of the written rules for a game or a system for the operation of a machine is unaffected by the fact that those rules direct the actions of those who play the game or carry out the process. Nor has copyright been denied to works simply because of their utilitarian aspects. . . .

10

That the words of a program are used ultimately in the implementation of a process should in no way affect their copyrightability.
Id. at 524 (quoting CONTU Report at 21 (emphasis in Ninth Circuit opinion)). See also Toro Co. v. R & R Prods. Co., 787 F.2d 1208, 1210-11 (8th Cir. 1986) (citing House Report); 1 Nimmer on Copyright § 2.03[D] (same).

Mitel, Inc. v. Iqtel, Inc., 124 F.3d 1366 (10th Cir. 1997), the only other case Google cites in support of its “method of operation” argument, explicitly rejects the Lotus approach. (Google Mot. at 13:26-14:8.) After discussing the Lotus decision at length, the Tenth Circuit stated:

We conclude that although an element of a work may be characterized as a method of operation, that element may nevertheless contain expression that is eligible for copyright protection. Section 102(b) does not extinguish the protection accorded a particular expression of an idea merely because that expression is embodied in a method of operation at a higher level of abstraction.
Mitel, 124 F.3d at 1372. The court went on to analyze whether the plaintiff’s 4-digit code hardware interface contained original, protectable expression and concluded it did not. Id. at 1373-76; see also Brown Bag Software v. Symantec Corp., 960 F.2d 1465, 1477 (9th Cir. 1992) (suggesting “screens, menus and keystrokes” may be copyrightable); Gen. Universal, 379 F.3d at 142 (stating “menu structures” are copyrightable).

The Lotus case is also factually distinguishable. It concerned a consumer-friendly set of 50 menus with a simple hierarchy. 49 F.3d at 809. This type of simple user menu cannot compare to the Java APIs, which are “designed for programmers and are designed to provide and describe a very rich development environment.” (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 18.) They contain thousands of elements, layers of complex interdepencies, data structures, and numerous expressive choices that are not dictated by function.

Moreover, even under the Lotus definition, the APIs are not “methods of operation” because a fundamental purpose of the APIs is not just to call a function, but to “impose a level of abstraction and structure on top of the underlying software development program” to help programmers understand its complexities. (Id. ¶ 23.) The computer does not care about this organizational structure. But humans need some form of order to handle complex programming tasks and work efficiently. (Id.) As Dr. Mitchell explains, “Some of today’s software systems

11

are among the most complex artifacts ever created by man, and the use of APIs is the core structuring concept that software designers use to manage their complexity.” (Id. ¶ 18.) They cannot be dismissed as “non-expressive” methods of operation.

B. Google Cannot Meet Its Burden Of Showing That The Java APIs Do
Not Contain Copyrightable Expression.

The burden is on Google to show the APIs it copied do not contain copyrightable expression because Oracle registered the copyrighted works at issue, which include the API specifications and the code. (See Swoopes Decl. Ex. 18.) “In judicial proceedings, a certificate of copyright registration constitutes prima facie evidence of copyrightability and shifts the burden to the defendant to demonstrate why the copyright is not valid.” Biberro Sys., Inc. v. Colwell, Inc., 893 F.2d 1104, 1106 (9th Cir. 1990); see also Swirsky, 376 F.3d at 851 (“Because [the work] has a valid certificate of registration with the copyright office…[plaintiff] is entitled to a presumption of originality.”). Google cannot meet this burden.

1. Copyright Law Protects the Original Expression in the
Selection, Coordination and Arrangement Of the Java APIs.

Copyright law protects expression in software design, including the selection and structure of software elements. Google’s motion glosses over this issue, but selecting what to include in an API, and designing the appropriate structure to contain it, takes a great deal of creativity and skill.

The purpose of the Java APIs is to provide developers with access to prewritten code in various areas to save them the time of having to write the code themselves. The APIs need not include any particular method, class or package (with the exception of a few classes closely tied to the Java language) for the Java language to function. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 20.) The decision to include these elements is therefore not dictated by function, and allows for a great deal of creativity. If the designer includes too little, the developers will not have the tools and flexibility they prefer. If the designer includes too much, the APIs become overwhelming and difficult to use. (Id. ¶ 21.)

This creative process extends from the big decision of which packages and classes to include all the way to how many parameters to include with a particular method and what order to list them in. For example, the Java APIs provide six versions of the method java.lang.Runtime

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exec() that differ only in their parameter lists. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 185-186.) While giving developers as many parameters as possible provides for greater flexibility, often the better choice is to establish a set order and limit the options. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 22.) The API designer must make this type of creative choice at every level of the API.

In addition, the complex organizational structure of the API, while not important to the computer, is critical to the programmer. A key design choice is which classes of objects will inherit characteristics from others. Java classes are arranged hierarchically, so that a subclass may inherit characteristics from its parent. The API designer must choose this hierarchical structure and decide whether a class will be independent or should be defined from or exposed to another class. Classes can also call on other classes outside of their hierarchical structure. There are even more complicated types of interrelationships in the Java APIs. One example is an internal construct called Interface, which is essentially a form of class that relies on other classes to implement its objects. (Id. ¶ 19.) Interfaces are often used to “group classes that are similar in some respect but need not share implementation.” (Id. ¶¶ 23-27.) Another important design feature of the APIs is “fields,” which store data associated with the class, and which can themselves be made accessible to other methods or classes. (Id. ¶ 19.)

These design choices have important implications. As one author explains, “A welldesigned API can be your organization’s biggest asset. Conversely, a poor API can create a support nightmare and even turn your users toward your competitor.” (Swoopes Decl. Ex. 17, M. Reddy, API Design for C++ 4 (2011). See also Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 25.)

These design choices are handled differently by different API designers. Even for ideas such as storing and manipulating collections of data as a single unit ─ ideas common across many programming platforms ─ there are many expressive choices. (See Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 193-199.) The collections hierarchies for Java, C++, and Smalltalk, for example, all of which have the same purpose, follow very different organizational schemes and use different language to describe their elements, as is illustrated pictorially in Exhibit 4 to the Mitchell Declaration. (Id.; see also Mitchell Decl. Ex. 4 (comparative diagram).) The differences between the collections hierarchies represent the different expressive choices made by the API designers.

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Google has cited no decision holding that the structure of a computer program with this level of complexity and interdepency is precluded from copyright protection. Decisions have, however, recognized the copyrightability of programs with much simpler structures. For example, in Autoskill, the Tenth Circuit upheld a district court’s finding of likelihood of success on copyrightability of the “organization, structure and sequence” of a computer program designed to teach reading skills, including a “keying procedure” that required students to respond by pressing the 1, 2 or 3 keys. Autoskill, Inc. v. Nat’l Educ. Support Sys., Inc., 994 F.2d 1476, 1492, 1495 n. 23 (10th Cir. 1993). Similarly, in CMAX/Cleveland, Inc. v. UCR, Inc., 804 F. Supp. 337, 355 (M.D. Ga. 1992), the court held that the file structures for a software program design for companies in the “rent to own” business constituted copyrightable expression. See also Eng’g Dynamics, Inc. v. Structural Software, Inc., 26 F.3d 1335, 1345-46 (5th Cir. 1994) (rejecting argument that input data formats in structural engineering software program did not contain original expression because they were purportedly “organized in a particular fashion to effectuate the performance of mathematical calculations”).

Google understands the creativity and importance of APIs. It asserts copyright and other intellectual property rights over its own APIs. (Swoopes Decl. Exs. 23-25.) These rights were applied for and maintained during the tenure of long time Google CEO and current Chairman Eric Schmidt. Google quotes extensively from Mr. Schmidt’s 1994 testimony advocating against copyrightability, identifying him only as the “Sun CTO.” (See, e.g., Google Mot. at 1.) As this shows, there is a distinction between what a person advocates the law should be and what it is.

2. Copyright Law Protects the Names of the Packages, Classes,
Interfaces, Fields, and Other Elements in the Java APIs

Oracle is also entitled to copyright protection in the names of the many different elements that make up the Java APIs. Google argues there is no copyright protection in the thousands of names it copied by pointing to isolated examples. (Google Mot. at 17:16-19:2.) This cannot defeat the presumption that the names in the Java API specifications are original. See Swirsky, 376 F.3d at 851. Google’s copying of the names of 37 packages, 458 classes, 158 Interfaces,

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2,427 methods, 893 fields, and other elements (see Purdy Decl. Ex. A, Purdy Opening Report ¶¶ 13-17) did not come about due to the existence of limited language.

Dr. Mitchell has provided numerous counterexamples of names that are not dictated by compatibility or programming practices. (See, e.g., Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 40-41 (describing java.beans.Customizer, java.beans.Introspector and other examples).) Java’s API designers often chose names according to style rules they themselves created, but frequently departed from those rules, choosing names for aesthetic reasons. (Id.; see also Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 179-187.)

Google cites Merchant for the proposition that “isolated field names” are not entitled to individual protection. (Google Mot. at 17:22-26 (quoting Merchant, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25663, at *44).) But in that case the court denied summary judgment, holding that “the coordination, selection, and arrangement of these field names, as well as the fields and field types themselves . . . may be entitled to protection as a compilation so long as they ‘are numerous enough and their selection and arrangement original enough that their combination constitutes an original work of authorship.” Merchant, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 25663, at *46 (citation omitted).

Similarly, in CMAX/Cleveland, the plaintiff accused the defendant of copying file layouts and file names, among other elements. 804 F. Supp. at 337. After trial, the court ruled for the plaintiff, rejecting the argument that “the programs are only similar in their file names and the sequence of the field names within each file,” holding that “selection and arrangement of the field definitions within the files . . . are the expression of an idea.” Id. at 354. The selection and arrangement of the fields in the Java APIs are likewise expressive.

Applying the kind of microscopic focus Google does here would “result in almost nothing being copyrightable because original works broken down into their composite parts would usually be little more than basic unprotectable elements like letters, colors and symbols.” Boisson v. Banian, Ltd., 273 F.3d 262, 272 (2d Cir. 2001). Google’s expert engages in just such an analysis, trying to calculate the average word length of 7,796 method names to claim they are not original. (See Astrachan Ex. 1 ¶ 114.) Claiming there is no originality in the selection of almost 8000 names borders on absurd. That is particularly true since, in the Ninth Circuit, “[a]ll that is needed

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to satisfy originality is for the author to contribute ‘something more than a merely trivial variation.’” Swirsky, 376 F.3d 841 at 851 (internal citation and quotation omitted).

Moreover, even if this Court were to find that some of Google’s cherry picked examples of names are unoriginal, “a claim of copyright infringement can be based on infringement of a combination of unprotected elements.” Dream Games of Ariz., Inc. v. PC Onsite, 561 F.3d 983, 988 (9th Cir. 2009). At a minimum, the issue of whether the thousands of names that Google copied were original is a triable issue of fact. See id. (triable issue as to originality of song).

C. The Scenes A Faire And Merger Doctrines Do Not Apply Here.

Google misapplies the scenes a faire and merger doctrines. The merger doctrine provides that when there are so few ways of expressing an idea that “an idea and its expression are indistinguishable, or ‘merged,’ the expression will only be protected against nearly identical copying.” Apple I, 35 F.3d at 1444 (citations omitted). The “closely related” scenes a faire doctrine provides that when certain features are “as a practical matter indispensable, or at least standard, in the treatment of a given [idea], they are treated like ideas and are therefore not protected by copyright.” Id. (internal quotation and citations omitted).

Neither doctrine applies here. The API designer has great liberty to choose what to include in the APIs; it is not necessary to include any particular method, field, class or package. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 20.) The API designer also is at complete liberty to choose how to structure the APIs, because that is designed for the benefit of the programmer. (Id. ¶ 23.) Google cannot claim all the features of the APIs are “as a practical matter indispensable” or that the idea behind the APIs and the myriad ways of expressing them are “merged.”

Google nonetheless argues that courts “have routinely emphasized that compatibility is a legitimate aim, and can override claims for infringement under either the scenes a faire or fair use doctrines.” (Google Mot. at 15.) But Google’s scenes a faire argument is backwards. The proper test under scenes a faire or merger is whether Oracle was constrained in its choice of design because of the need to be compatible with some other product or standard, not Google. See Control Data Sys., Inc. v. Infoware, Inc., 903 F. Supp. 1316, 1323 (D. Minn. 1995) (question is whether external factors limited choices available to plaintiff’s programmers, not defendant’s).

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Google argues the APIs are not expressive because it decided to copy certain features from them in order to be compatible. (Google Mot. at 16). But Google’s choice to copy does not alter the APIs’ expressive nature. Google cites the lower court’s decision in Mitel, holding that the defendant’s copying was justified by “efficiency reasons” and “dictated by external factors” because its technicians were used to the plaintiff’s code. (Id.) But in upholding the lower court’s decision for other reasons, the Tenth Circuit chastised the court for incorrectly applying the law, stating that the proper focus “should have remained upon the external factors that dictated [plaintiff’s] selection of registers, descriptions, and values,” rather than on whether external factors “justified [defendant’s] copying.” Mitel, 124 F.3d at 1375.

Baystate Techs. v. Bentley Sys., 946 F. Supp. 1079 (D. Mass. 1996) does take Google’s approach, but cannot be squared with Ninth Circuit law on the scenes a faire and merger doctrine. See Apple I, 35 F.3d at 1444. Moreover that court is in the First Circuit, and was bound by the Lotus decision. Just as importantly, Baystate, and the other case Google cites, Bateman v. Mnemonics, 79 F.3d 1532 (11th Cir. 1996), are factually distinguishable. Baystate involved a much simpler data translator that converted between different file formats, thus requiring an identical data organization to plaintiff’s program. See 946 F. Supp. at 1088. Bateman involved reverse engineering to create a new platform that was compatible with preexisting hardware and applications. See 79 F.3d at 1540. Google did not need to copy the APIs for compatibility with Java, nor did it do so. Rather, Google took the APIs it wanted and wrote its own in place of the rest, destroying compatibility through fragmentation. Bateman held that any finding relating to compatibility “will depend on the particular facts of a case,” and remanded the district court’s decision so that a jury could consider whether compatibility constrained expression. 79 F.3d at 1547 n.32 (11th Cir. 1996). Notably, the court held: “It is an incorrect statement of the law that interface specifications are not copyrightable as a matter of law.” Id. at 1547.

D. Google Copied The APIs.

Google does not dispute that it copied the 37 Java API specifications into Android’s API specifications. This violated Oracle’s reproduction right. See 17 U.S.C. § 106(1). It then created a derivative work by deliberately copying the API specifications into the Android source code,

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following their complex design to the letter. (See Swoopes Decl. Ex. 3 at 14:7-11, 65:8-66:16, 64:8-20; Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 209-29; Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 77-81.) 17 U.S.C. §§ 101, 106(2).

Google claims that “some” of the Android core libraries “were in part derived” from Apache Harmony, an open source project. (Google Mot. at 5:14-6:8.) Even if true, they were also derived from Oracle. Android’s lead core library developer has admitted that [REDACTED] (See Swoopes Decl. Ex. 3 at 65:8-66:16; see also Ex. 2 at 161:12-20.) In addition, Google was well aware of Sun and Apache’s highly publicized dispute over whether Harmony code would be licensed for use in mobile devices, and so could not have believed using the Harmony code gave it any kind of mobile device license from Sun. (See, e.g., Ex. 1 at 119:13-122:4.) But it does not matter in any event. A defendant is liable when he copies, with or without a license, from a third party who copied from the plaintiff. See, e.g., Pye v. Mitchell, 574 F.2d 476, 481 (9th Cir. 1978).

Google argues the standard of comparison should be “virtual identity” because the range of protectable expression is “narrow.” (Google Mot. at 12:3-5 (quoting Apple I, 35 F.3d at 1439).) But the Java APIs have many highly creative and expressive elements and are not dictated by function. The appropriate standard is accordingly “substantial similarity.”

Oracle prevails under either standard. Google copied the 37 Java API specifications verbatim or nearly verbatim, incorporating their same hierarchical structure. (See Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 200-208, Exs. Copyright-A-F.) Google apparently disputes the substantial similarity between the specifications. (See Google Mot. at 24.) If Oracle presents “‘indicia of a sufficient disagreement concerning the substantial similarity of [the] two works,’ then the case must be submitted to a trier of fact.” Swirsky, 376 F.3d at 844. The expert testimony and documentation submitted by Oracle in support of this opposition more than satisfy that standard.

Google also gets the law wrong, comparing the copyrighted works with Android as a whole. (See Google Mot. at 24-25.) It does not matter what else Google added. “No plagiarist can excuse the wrong by showing how much of his work he did not pirate.” Shaw v. Lindheim, 919 F.2d 1353, 1362 (9th Cir 1990) (quoting 4 Nimmer on Copyright § 13.03[B][1][a])).

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E. Google’s Copying Was Not Fair Use.

Google’s copying cannot be excused as fair use. At best, Google’s defense raises material questions of fact that cannot be decided on summary judgment.

Google’s fair use argument relies heavily on the Ninth Circuit’s decisions in Sony and Sega ─ two cases with very different facts that raise very different policy concerns. The focus of the court’s inquiry in both cases was whether it was fair use to reverse engineer a copyrighted product where “disassembly is the only way to gain access to the ideas and functional elements embodied in a copyrighted [work].” See Sega Enters., Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510, 1527-28 (9th Cir. 1993); Sony Computer Entm’t, Inc v. Connectix, 203 F.3d 596, 603-04 (9th Cir. 2000). But here, Oracle’s APIs were in plain view for anyone to see, so there was no need to copy them to discover their functional elements.

Another key to both decisions was that they concern intermediate copying only. The final product was not alleged to infringe the copyright. See Sega, 977 F.2d at 1527-28; Sony, 203 F.3d at 604 n.7. As the Ninth Circuit noted in Sega, “[o]ur conclusion does not, of course, insulate [defendant] from a claim of copyright infringement with respect to its finished products.” 977 F.2d at 1528. Here, of course, Oracles accuses the final Android APIs and code of infringement. The reasoning in Sega and Sony does not apply. The four statutory factors are discussed below.

Purpose and Character of Use – An express part of this first factor, which Google fails to address, is “whether [the] use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes.” 17 U.S.C. § 107(1). (See Google Mot. at 19-20.) Google’s use is clearly commercial. This “tends to weigh against a finding of fair use.” Campbell v. Acuff-Rose, 510 U.S. 569, 585 (1994) (citation omitted).

Citing Sony, Google argues that this factor nonetheless weighs in its favor because Android was a new smartphone platform so its work is “transformative.” It is not. The relevant inquiry is whether the use “merely supersedes the objects of the original creation, or instead adds something new, with a further purpose or differing character, altering the first with new expression, meaning or message.” Campbell, 510 U.S. at 579. In Sony, even though the defendant’s product allowed users to play games designed for the Sony Playstation on a different

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medium – the personal computer – the court found the work to be only “modestly transformative.” 203 F.3d at 606. Google copied the Java APIs to use them the same way Oracle does by licensing an operating system to computer and mobile device manufacturers. The use has no transformative value. But if it has any at all, it is even less than the “modest” value in Sony.

When the allegedly transformative nature of Android is weighed against commercial use, this case comes out on the opposite side from Sony. In Sony, the Ninth Circuit concluded that the modestly transformative use was not outweighed by the fact that the use was commercial because: (1) there was no copyright infringement in the final product, so commercial use was only “indirect or derivative” and (2) it produced a product that “would be compatible” with Sony Playstation games. Id. at 607 (quoting Sega, 977 F.2d at 1522). Neither factor is present here.

First, the final product infringes here, so commercial use is not “indirect or derivative.” See Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America, Inc., 975 F.2d 832, 843 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (fair use copying “must not exceed what is necessary to understand the protected elements” and “does not justify extensive efforts to profit from replicating expression”) (applying Ninth Circuit law).

Second, unlike in Sega and Sony, Google did not need to copy to achieve compatibility, and did not produce a compatible product. In Sega and Sony the only way for defendants’ programs to run was to copy the manufacturer’s functional interface. See, e.g., Sega, 977 F.2d at 1515 (need to input four letter initialization code). Here, Google could have used the Java language without copying Oracle’s APIs. With the exception of a very few classes, the Java APIs are not required to use Java at all. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 57-60.) There are many examples of individuals or organizations writing their own APIs for other languages, like C++, as well as for Java. Google could have written its own APIs, and the proof of that is that Google did. Google wrote new APIs for the Android user interface, and many other new packages. (See id. ¶¶ 61-68, 101-113; Google Mot. at 25 (only “about one-quarter” of APIs were copied).)

This case is not about Google creating a compatible platform. It is about Google picking and choosing some Java APIs, but not others, knowing it would create an incompatible platform. Google fragmented Java by implementing less than the full number of the Java APIs (“subsetting”), adding its own APIs (“supersetting”) and, in some cases, only supporting some of

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the classes within a Java API. (See Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 61-68, 101-113.) As a result, Google’s copying undermines compatibility and interoperability. Java developers have to learn new APIs to make their programs work with Android, many existing and future Java programs cannot run on Android, and many applications built for Android will not run on the Java platform or devices built to support Java. (Id. ¶¶ 62-68, 113.) Google’s fragmentation of Java has violated the “write once, run anywhere” creed. While there had been some minor fragmentation in the past, [REDACTED] (See, e.g., Swoopes Decl. Ex. 11, GOOGLE-02-00111218 [REDACTED]

From the start, Sun and Oracle have offered licenses to the Java APIs for parties who agree to completely implement the APIs in a compatible way. That is a key reason why Java is so successful. But the only way to enforce this type of licensing regime is if courts enforce the copyright. Google claims it conferred a “public benefit” because it took the copyrighted works and incorporated them into the “open source Android platform.” (Google Mot. at 19-20). This self-serving argument is untenable. If a party can freely ignore the copyright and fragment the platform, as Google has, compatibility in the marketplace will be severely undermined. Allowing copying that creates an incompatible end product is against the public interest.

The Supreme Court has emphasized that in evaluating the "character" of the use, the court should look to “‘the propriety of the defendant's conduct[]’…because [f]air use presupposes ‘good faith’ and ‘fair dealing.” Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enters., 471 U.S. 539, 562 (1985) (citing 3 Nimmer on Copyright § 13.05[A], at 13-72). Here Google had the chance to take a license, but decided to push forward without one and [REDACTED] (Swoopes Decl. Ex. 8, GOOGLE-01- 00019527 at 527-528; Ex. 5 at 37:1-38:23.) [REDACTED] (See, e.g., Ex. 13, GOOGLE 26-00007930 ([REDACTED]

The purpose and character of Google’s use weighs strongly against it. At a minimum, it raises factual issues that should go to a jury.

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Nature of the Copyrighted Work – Google cites Sega for the proposition that “computer programs are ‘essentially utilitarian’” in nature, and that, “if a work is largely functional, it receives only weak protection.” (Google Mot. at 20 (citing Sega, 977 F.2d at 1527).) Google leaves out the line immediately above, which states: “To the extent that there are many possible ways of accomplishing a given task or fulfilling a particular market demand, the programmer’s choice of program structure and design may be highly creative and idiosyncratic.” Sega, 977 F.2d at 1524. That is the case with the Java APIs. Moreover, Sega found the work deserved a lower degree of protection was because it contained “unprotected aspects that cannot be examined without copying.” Sega, 977 F.2d at 1526. There is no such issue here.

Amount and Substantiality Of The Work Used – Google argues that, quantitatively, it only used “approximately one-quarter of the API packages in the Asserted Works.” (Google Mot. at 20-21.) This is a sizeable percentage and is significant quantitatively. In addition, the Supreme Court has emphasized the need to look at the “qualitative” aspect of what was used. Harper, 471 U.S. at 545 (copying of 300 words of quotation from unauthorized manuscript of Gerald Ford memoir was not fair use). Both parties’ experts recognize the significance of the APIs. Dr. Mitchell states they are “an extremely important part of the Java platform, and are key to its organizational structure.” (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 96; Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 170- 173.) Dr. Astrachan claims the APIs were so important that, once Google decided to use Java, it was “essentially required” to use the APIs. (Astrachan Ex. 1 ¶¶ 130, 134-36.)

Effect Upon The Potential Market For, Or Value Of The Copyrighted Work – The Supreme Court has said that, “This last factor is undoubtedly the single most important element of fair use.” Harper, 471 U.S. at 566-67 (citation omitted). It is also highly factual. Google asks the Court to decide this issue in its favor, as a matter of law, based on two public relations quotes from former Sun executives in 2007, when Android was first released. (Google Mot. at 21.)

“Fair use, when properly applied, is limited to copying by others which does not materially impair the marketability of the work which is copied.” Harper, 471 U.S. at 566-67 (citation omitted). Google cannot meet this standard. It is hardly surprising that by creating a free competing platform in the mobile device arena, that gives developers the advantages of many

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of Java’s core APIs, Google impaired the value of the Java platform that implements them. Google substantially undermined Oracle’s efforts to generate revenues. (See Swoopes Decl. Ex. 6 at 71:13-72:4, 111:10-112:2 (Java is “pretty well locked out of the smartphone market because of Android.”). [REDACTED] (See, e.g., Ex. 13, GOOGLE 26- 00007930.)

In addition, as discussed above, Google has significantly harmed the value of the APIs by fragmenting Java and undercutting its “write once, run anywhere” capability. (See, e.g., Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 101-115.) Google knows this is harmful. Google itself imposes licensing terms requiring Android users to refrain from fragmenting its APIs. (See Swoopes Decl. Exs. 23-25.)

Google also contends that because Apache Harmony and GNU Classpath offer open source versions of the Java APIs, the inclusion of the Java APIs in Android could not be harmful. (Google Mot. at 22.) But Google knows that Harmony did not obtain a needed license from Sun (see, e.g., Swoopes Decl. Ex. 1 at 119:12-122:4), and that Classpath is licensed to others under the GPL, which has important restrictions that limit its commercial application.

II. GOOGLE AND ITS AGENTS LITERALLY COPIED MULTIPLE
PROGRAMS, SOURCE CODE SECTIONS, AND COMMENTS.

Google does not deny that it literally copied source code, object code and comments from 12 separate files. Google’s only defense is to claim its copying is de minimis because it is insignificant in relation to Oracle’s “work as a whole.” (Google Mot. at 22-23 (quoting Newton v. Diamond, 388 F.3d 1189, 1195 (9th Cir. 2004) (emphasis supplied by Google).)

Google treats all of J2SE 5.0 as a single work, and compares the files to J2SE 5.0 in its entirety. (Id. at 23.) But each of the source code files is a separate work under copyright law. Copyright regulations allow for a single application for a “single work,” which for published works is defined as “all copyrightable elements that are otherwise recognizable as self-contained works, that are included in a single unit of publication, and in which the copyright claimant is the same.” 37 C.F.R. § 202.3(b)(4)(A); see, e.g., Bean v. Littell, 669 F. Supp. 2d 1031, 1034 (D. Ariz. 2008) (“When a claimant registers a collective work, the copyright protection can also

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extend to each constituent part of that work.”). If this were not so, programmers could steal files at will from large software programs, hiding under the de minimis cover.

Here, each of the twelve source code files is an individual program file and is recognizable as a self-contained work that was included within J2SE 5.0, the single unit of publication. Put in its proper frame of reference, the copying is undeniably significant.

First, Google copied eight machine code files in their entirety. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 241-248, Exs. Copyright-J-Q.) There is no question of significance to the work as a whole. Google copied the entire work. Moreover, Google’s quotations from Newton are taken from a portion of the opinion analyzing infringement under the “fragmented literal similarity” test, which is only applied when “the defendant copies a portion of the plaintiff's work exactly or nearly exactly, without appropriating the work’s overall essence or structure.” Newton, 388 F.3d at 1195. (See also Google Mot. at 22-23.) That is not the case here. The whole work was taken.

Second, two Android source code files include a copied method that is identical right down to the spacing of the “rangeCheck” method in Oracle’s Arrays.java. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 233-240.) rangeCheck is only nine lines long, but it is qualitatively significant to Arrays.java, the Oracle file in which it is located, and which is a separate work. While Arrays.java comprises 3,180 lines of code, rangeCheck “is called nine times” by other methods in the class, showing this small piece of code is important. (Id. ¶ 235.) In contrast, in Newton, the accused infringer had sampled a qualitatively insignificant portion of a four-and-a-half-minute composition ─ just three notes. Newton, 388 F.3d at 1191. Dr. Astrachan dismisses rangeCheck as a mundane “sanity check,” but it appears to make some atypical choices in its reporting of error conditions. (See Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 86.) A reasonable juror could find it is not as “common, trite, and generic” as a three-note sequence (C-D flat-C) was in Newton.

Third, two other Android files contain comments that are nearly identical to comments in corresponding Java files that are again separate works. (Mitchell Opening Report ¶¶ 249-251.) These two Android test programs were written to test the functionality of Android’s implementations of two classes from the java.security API. The comments explain how the code tests the functionality of Android’s implementation of java.security API. Comments, because

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they are not “functional,” can represent one of the most expressive elements of a computer program. (Id. ¶ 249.) They are significant to the works from which they were taken.

But even if the Court were to look beyond the individual works to measure the significance of Google’s copying, summary judgment would still be inappropriate. A “use is de minimis only if the average audience would not recognize the appropriation.” Newton, 388 F.3d at 1193. Given Google’s nearly identical line-by-line copying of hundreds of lines of code, there is at least a triable issue of fact as to whether the average audience would recognize the appropriation. Id. at 1189. And in evaluating whether the copying was de minimis, all the copied works would have to be considered collectively, including the 37 APIs, which are “an extremely important part of the Java platform, and are key to its organizational structure.” (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶ 96.) Google does not get to separate out one part of its infringement from another for the purpose of evaluating the significance of its copying.

The importance of the test code is also a disputed material fact. Dr. Mitchell rejects Dr. Astrachan’s conclusion that some of these files are merely “dummy files” for testing. (Mitchell Opp. Report ¶¶ 91-95.) These files were not contained in the “test” area on Oracle’s directory. But even if Google used them as test files, test files are still valuable: “testing software often requires more time and effort in software companies than writing the code initially.” (Id. ¶ 95.) [REDACTED] (See Swoopes Decl. Ex. 15, [REDACTED] GOOGLE-00392183-94.) A jury could reasonably conclude that the copying of entire copyrighted files into Google’s test suite was qualitatively significant.

CONCLUSION

For all the above reasons, this motion should be denied.

Dated: August 19, 2011

MORRISON & FOERSTER LLP

By: /s/ Kenneth A. Kuwayti
Kenneth A. Kuwayti
Attorneys for Plaintiff
ORACLE AMERICA, INC.

_______________
1 Oracle is not asserting infringement of 14 other packages that appear in both Java and Android that were copied by Google because Oracle uses these packages under license from third parties, or allows third parties to use these packages under permissive terms.

2 The affirmance of a decision by an equally divided Supreme Court is not precedential. See Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 484 (2008).

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341:

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.

Plaintiff,

v.

GOOGLE INC.

Defendant.

__________________

Case No. CV 10-03561 WHA

DECLARATION OF JOHN C.
MITCHELL IN SUPPORT OF ORACLE
AMERICA, INC.’S OPPOSITION TO
GOOGLE’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT ON COUNT VIII OF
ORACLE’S AMENDED COMPLAINT

Date: September 15, 2011
Time: 2:00 p.m.
Dept.: Courtroom 9, 19th Floor
Judge: Honorable William H. Alsup

I, John C. Mitchell, declare as follows:

1. I am a Professor of Computer Science in the Department of Computer Science and (by courtesy) Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. I earned my B.S. degree with distinction in Mathematics from Stanford University and S.M. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from M.I.T. I submit this declaration in support of Plaintiff Oracle America, Inc.’s Opposition to Google’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Count VIII of Oracle’s Amended Complaint. I have personal knowledge of the matters set forth herein and, if called to testify, could and would testify competently to the following.

2. I have been retained to provide my opinions on certain issues related to the copyright and patent claims of this case.

3. Attached hereto as Exhibit 1 is a true and correct copy of my Opening Expert Report Regarding Copyright (“Mitchell Opening Report”) that I prepared in this case. The Mitchell Opening Report also provides a more detailed description of my qualifications and experience, including a curriculum vitae that is attached to Exhibit 1 as Exhibit A.

4. Attached hereto as Exhibit 2 is a true and correct copy of my Report in Opposition to Dr. Owen Astrachan’s Opening Expert Report (“Mitchell Opp. Report”).

5. Attached hereto as Exhibit 3 is a true and correct copy of my Report in Reply to Dr. Owen Astrachan’s Rebuttal Expert Report (“Mitchell Reply Report”).

6. Attached hereto as Exhibit 4 is a demonstrative exhibit illustrating how the collections hierarchies for Java, C++, and Smalltalk have different organizational schemes and use different language even though they have the same functional purpose. This information is reproduced from paragraphs 193-99 of my Opening Report.

7. My reports contain a true and correct expression of my opinions based on the facts as I currently know them, and accurately represent how I would testify at trial if called to do so.

1

I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States that to the best of my knowledge the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on August 19, 2011, in Stanford, California.

[signature]
John C. Mitchell

2


342:

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.

Plaintiff,

v.

GOOGLE INC.

Defendant.

________________________

Case No. CV 10-03561 WHA

DECLARATION OF ALAN PURDY IN
SUPPORT OF ORACLE AMERICA,
INC.’S OPPOSITION TO GOOGLE’S
MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
ON COUNT VIII OF ORACLE’S
AMENDED COMPLAINT

Date: September 15, 2011
Time: 2:00 p.m.
Dept.: Courtroom 9, 19th Floor
Judge: Honorable William H. Alsup

I, Alan Purdy, declare as follows:

I am a Senior Forensic Software Analyst at Johnson-Laird, Inc., where I have been employed since 1999. I earned my B.S. degree in Science Engineering from the University of Michigan. I submit this declaration in support of Plaintiff Oracle America, Inc.’s Opposition to Google’s Motion for Summary Judgment on Count VIII of Oracle’s Amended Complaint. I have personal knowledge of the matters set forth herein and, if called to testify, could and would testify competently to the following.

1. I have been retained to provide analysis on certain issues related to the copyright and patent claims of this case.

2. Attached hereto as Exhibit 1 is a true and correct copy of the Opening Expert Report of Alan Purdy Regarding Copyright that I prepared for this case on July 29, 2011. My Opening Report also provides a more detailed description of my qualifications and experience, including a curriculum vitae.

3. After submitting my Opening Expert Report, I discovered an error in the computer program that I used to extract information from Oracle’s Java JDK API descriptions and Google’s Android SDK library descriptions. The error caused the program to undercount the number of program elements under analysis, including fields, constructors, and methods. I have since corrected that error and created a revised Opening Report reflecting the updated numbers. Attached hereto as Exhibit B is a true and correct copy of the Revised Opening Expert Report of Alan Purdy Regarding Copyright dated August 18, 2011.

4. Attached hereto as Exhibit C is a true and correct copy of the Reply Expert Report of Alan Purdy Regarding Copyright that I prepared for this case.

5. With the exception of the correction I mention above, which applies to my Opening report, my reports contain a true and correct expression of my opinions based on the facts as I currently know them, and accurately represent how I would testify at trial if called to do so.

1

I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States that to the best of my knowledge the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on August 19, 2011, in Portland, Oregon.

[signature]
Alan Purdy

2


343:

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
SAN FRANCISCO DIVISION

ORACLE AMERICA, INC.

Plaintiff,

v.

GOOGLE INC.

Defendant.

_______________________

Case No. CV 10-03561 WHA

DECLARATION OF ROMAN A.
SWOOPES IN SUPPORT OF ORACLE
AMERICA, INC.’S OPPOSITION TO
GOOGLE’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT ON COUNT VIII OF
ORACLE’S AMENDED COMPLAINT

Date: September 15, 2011
Time: 2:00 p.m.
Dept.: Courtroom 9, 19th Floor
Judge: Honorable William H. Alsup

I, Roman A. Swoopes, declare as follows: I am an associate at Morrison & Foerster LLP and am counsel of record to Plaintiff Oracle America, Inc. (“Oracle”). I have personal knowledge of the matters set forth herein and, if called to testify, could and would testify competently to the following.

1. Attached hereto as Exhibit 1 is a true and correct excerpt of the deposition transcript of Joshua Bloch, taken on July 8, 2011.

2. Attached hereto as Exhibit 2 is a true and correct excerpt of the deposition transcript of Daniel Bornstein, taken on May 16, 2011.

3. Attached hereto as Exhibit 3 is a true and correct excerpt of the deposition transcript of Robert Lee, taken on August 3, 2011.

4. Attached hereto as Exhibit 4 is a true and correct excerpt of the deposition transcript of Richard Miner, taken on May 26, 2011.

5. Attached hereto as Exhibit 5 is a true and correct excerpt of the deposition transcript of Andrew Rubin, taken on April 5, 2011.

6. Attached hereto as Exhibit 6 is a true and correct excerpt of the deposition transcript of Edward Screven, taken on July 29, 2011.

7. Attached hereto as Exhibit 7 is a true and correct excerpt of Defendant Google Inc.’s (“Google”) Responses to Plaintiff’s Requests for Admission, Set One, served on August 4, 2011.

8. Attached hereto as Exhibit 8 is a true and correct copy of an email from Tracey Cole to Andrew Rubin, dated October 11, 2005, bearing Bates numbers GOOGLE-01-00019527-528. This document is referenced at Rubin Dep. 32:8-38:23, Apr. 5, 2011.

9. Attached hereto as Exhibit 9 is a true and correct copy of an email from Richard Miner to Andrew Rubin, dated October 12, 2005, bearing Bates numbers GOOGLE-01- 00019529-532. This document is referenced at Miner Dep. 159:3-164:19, May 26, 2011.

10. Attached hereto as Exhibit 10 is a true and correct copy of a Google powerpoint presentation titled “A discussion with CMCC”, dated March 28, 2007, bearing Bates numbers

1

GOOGLE-01-00025376-433. This document is referenced at Rubin Individual Dep. 170:25-172:25, July. 27, 2011.

11. Attached hereto as Exhibit 11 is a true and correct copy of an email from Andrew Rubin to Daniel Bornstein, dated April 13, 2006, bearing Bates numbers GOOGLE-02-00111218. 12. Attached hereto as Exhibit 12 is a true and correct copy of a Google PowerPoint presentation titled “Open Handset Alliance”, bearing Bates numbers GOOGLE-14-00042244-254. This document is referenced at Miner Dep. 172:5-173:14, May 26, 2011.

13. Attached hereto as Exhibit 13 is a true and correct copy of an email from Andrew Rubin to sergey [at] google.com, dated January 13, 2006, bearing Bates numbers GOOGLE-26-00007930. This document is referenced at Rubin Ind. Dep. 121:10-23, July 27, 2011.

14. Attached hereto as Exhibit 14 is a true and correct copy of an email from Joshua Bloch to Robert Lee, dated March 30, 2008, bearing Bates numbers GOOGLE-40-00034698-703. This document is referenced at Lee Dep. 9:22-10:6, July 8, 2011; Bloch Dep. 146:23-147:13, July 8, 2011.

15. Attached hereto as Exhibit 15 is a true and correct copy of a Noser Engineering Statement of Work, dated April 4, 2008, bearing Bates numbers GOOGLE-00392183-194.

16. Attached hereto as Exhibit 16 is a true and correct copy of a Statement of Work from Noser Engineering, dated March 28, 2007, bearing Bates numbers GOOGLE-00392204- 212. This document is referenced at Bornstein Dep. 147:3-149:8, May 16, 2011; Lee Dep. 26:15-28:7, Aug. 3, 2011.

17. Attached hereto as Exhibit 17 is a true and correct excerpt of a book titled “API Design for C++” by Martin Reddy, bearing Bates numbers OAGOOGLE0102490254, OAGOOGLE0102490259, and OAGOOGLE0102490280.

18. Attached hereto as Exhibit 18 are true and correct copies of copyright registrations registered by Oracle relating to Java.

19. Attached hereto as Exhibit 19 is a true and correct copy of a post by Joshua Bloch titled “Bumper-Sticker API Design” on September 22, 2008, available at http://www.infoq.com/articles/API-Design-Joshua-Bloch.

2

20. Attached hereto as Exhibit 20 is a true and correct copy of a website titled “Learn About Java Technology”, available at http://www.java.com/en/about/. 21. Attached hereto as Exhibit 21 is a true and correct copy of an article titled “API Design Matters” by Michi Henning, published in Communications of the ACM, Vol. 52, No. 5 in May 2009, available at http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2009/5/24646-api-designmatters/fulltext.

22. Attached hereto as Exhibit 22 is a true and correct copy of the copyright pages of the earliest Java API specifications from Sun Microsystems, available at http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/ first_edition/html/jcopyright.doc.html.

23. Attached hereto as Exhibit 23 is a true and correct copy of the Google AdSense API Terms and Conditions, available at http://code.google.com/apis/ adsense/terms.html.

24. Attached hereto as Exhibit 24 is a true and correct copy of the Google YouTube Terms of Service, available at http://code.google.com/apis/ youtube/terms.html.

25. Attached hereto as Exhibit 25 is a true and correct copy of the Google Terms and Conditions for Google SOAP Search API Service, available at http://code.google.com/apis/soapsearch/ api_terms.html.

26. Attached hereto as Exhibit 26 is a true and correct copy of the Android Developers website, What is Android?, available at http://developer.android.com/ guide/basics/what-isandroid.html.

27. Attached hereto as Exhibit 27 is a true and correct excerpt of the deposition transcript of Mark Reinhold, taken on August 5, 2011.

28. Under my direction, a Morrison & Foerster paralegal printed the Java Standard Edition Version 5 documentation for the 37 packages at issue in this case to a PDF file. This PDF file was over 11,000 pages in length.

3

I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States that to the best of my knowledge the foregoing is true and correct. Executed on August 19, 2011, in Palo Alto, California.

/s/Roman A. Swoopes
Roman A. Swoopes

GENERAL ORDER 45 ATTESTATION

I, Kenneth A. Kuwayti, am the ECF User whose ID and password are being used to file the DECLARATION OF ROMAN A. SWOOPES IN SUPPORT OF ORACLE AMERICA, INC.’S OPPOSITION TO GOOGLE’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT ON COUNT VIII OF ORACLE’S AMENDED COMPLAINT. In compliance with General Order 45, X.B., I hereby attest that Roman A. Swoopes has concurred in this filing.

/s/ Kenneth A. Kuwayti
Kenneth A. Kuwayti

4



  


Oracle v. Google - Some Potentially Important Victories for Google - Updated | 135 comments | Create New Account
Comments belong to whoever posts them. Please notify us of inappropriate comments.
Corrections here please
Authored by: jesse on Monday, August 22 2011 @ 09:11 AM EDT
Thank you

[ Reply to This | # ]

News Pick discussions
Authored by: jesse on Monday, August 22 2011 @ 09:12 AM EDT
Thank you.

[ Reply to This | # ]

COMES thread
Authored by: jesse on Monday, August 22 2011 @ 09:13 AM EDT
Thank you.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Off topic discussions
Authored by: jesse on Monday, August 22 2011 @ 09:14 AM EDT
Thank you.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Oracle v. Google - Some Potentially Important Victories for Google
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 22 2011 @ 11:04 AM EDT
Estoppel doctrine: "...selling a patent and have reason to believe it is
invalid and withhold that information from the buyer, you have arguable
committed fraud..."

Thanks for the explanation. Seems very logical to me. But where I am lost,
should that not apply?
1. When you accuse an other party for infringement with a lot of claims, just to
make sure some will survive. You should know not all claims where valid in the
first place.
2. When a significantly part of your claims is found invalid. It must be you did
not check properly unless you can show you did.
3. When your claims are in an area with lots and lots of potentially prior art
that you where not able to check. You are practically sure that at least some of
your claims will be invalid.
4. When the judge tells your to pick out the most important claims and you wait
to see what the accused party has found as prior art. On his expenses. It is you
who are claiming, so it should be you that finds out in a serious way if your
claims are valid.
Or you have arguable committed fraud.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Wow! 13 lines copied out of over 1300
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 22 2011 @ 11:34 AM EDT
Oracle's "RangeCheck" code was "literally copied"? How small
does a code snippet have to be before it can be declared "fair use"?
13 lines out of a file that is over 1300 lines in size does seem a bit
overreaching to me. Also, could Google claim fair use because of the technical
restraints of the programming language, such that it is the obvious best 13
lines of code to achieve the desired outcome?

[ Reply to This | # ]

A Paradox - API vs Fragmentation
Authored by: rsteinmetz70112 on Monday, August 22 2011 @ 01:19 PM EDT
It seems to me that Oracles has a logical paradox here.

They claim that Google copied their copyrighted API's but On The Other Hand one
of the major damages they claims is fragmentation of the "Write Once Run
Anywhere" principle.

It would seems that in order to implement the "Write Once run
Anywhere" principle, you would almost need to copy the APIs.

They cite a decompiled version of Android files as "proof" however if
you implement an API, correctly and efficiently how many ways are there to
express it? If your goal is compatibility all of the functions must have the
same names and work the same way. As Google's expert pointed out many of the
basic function have common names "borrowed" from other languages.
Since Java code is C-like, it makes sense to start with basic C function names.

Finally I'm still not clear on whether Android will execute all Java Application
Code.

---
Rsteinmetz - IANAL therefore my opinions are illegal.

"I could be wrong now, but I don't think so."
Randy Newman - The Title Theme from Monk

[ Reply to This | # ]

rangeCheck over 300 matches on Google for the first line..
Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 22 2011 @ 06:19 PM EDT
The first line:
private static void rangeCheck(int arrayLen, int fromIndex, int toIndex)

Brings up over 300 matches for me on Google. Several of them appear to be part
of code in open source projects.

Maybe Sun needs someone to teach them how to do a Google search...

[ Reply to This | # ]

APIs vs Recipes
Authored by: rsteinmetz70112 on Tuesday, August 23 2011 @ 11:51 PM EDT
It appears to be well settled law that Recipes (lists of ingredients) are not
subject to copyright.

How are API's different?

---
Rsteinmetz - IANAL therefore my opinions are illegal.

"I could be wrong now, but I don't think so."
Randy Newman - The Title Theme from Monk

[ Reply to This | # ]

This is a BRILLANT move by Oracle
Authored by: Anonymous on Wednesday, August 24 2011 @ 03:27 AM EDT
No, seriously.

This idea of copyrighting an API is sheer genius.

There's only one thing that perhaps Oracle should be aware of. I think they have
another product, quite separate from Java, some sort of ... let me think, yes
that's it, a database product.

They may want to consider the ramifications of getting a court to agree that
APIs are copyrightable, especially in the light of the fact that ... here it
comes ... SQL is an API as well.

And it wasn't created by Oracle but rather a biggish, bluish colored company
which is no stranger to the courts.

Be careful what you wish for, Larry, you may find it inserted in places the sun
don't shine :-)

[ Reply to This | # ]

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