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The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, Excursus: UUNET & Ch. 11, by Dr. Peter H. Salus
Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 09:00 AM EDT

Here is the next installment of The Daemon, The GNU and the Penguin, by Dr. Peter H. Salus, a History of Free and Open Source, which he is publishing in installments on Groklaw under the Creative Commons license, 2.0, attribution, noncommercial, noderivatives. This installment includes Excursus: UUNET and Chapter 11, OSF and UNIX International.

Here are the earlier chapters of The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin:



*********************************

The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin

~ by Peter H. Salus

Excursus: UUNET

By the mid-1980s there were several commercial networks in operation. But they were limited in service and, generally quite high in price. None was what we would think of as an ISP.

In the Autumn of 1985, Rick Adams (then at "seismo"), approached Debbie Scherrer, vice-president of USENIX, with a plan for a centralized site, accessed via Tymnet by subscribers, supplying Usenet access. 1 In an email dated December 6, 1985, Debbie expressed interest in this.

Rick attended the October 1986 Board meeting in Monterey, CA, where reaction was mixed, one director asking why folks would pay for access that could be obtained free. But the Board agreed to entertain a proposal. Rick brought a brief plan to the January 1987 (Washington, DC) meeting.

A majority of the USENIX Board liked the plan, but it really wasn't much of a "business plan," and Rick was asked to fill out the plan, with the participation of Board members John Quarterman and Wally Wedel, and return.

By late March 1987 (in New Orleans), Rick was back with a full plan and the Board approved it enthusiastically. I was authorized to spend up to $35,000 for an experimental period. 2

UUNET was born. "As people moved from universities and corporations where they had email and Usenet access to jobs where they had no access," Rick told me, "a need developed for a service that could provide email and Usenet access. UUNET was created in response to that need."

When the word got out, the demand far exceeded expectations. For example, Rick and Mike O'Dell had forecast 50 subscribers by the "end of summer." They topped 50 by mid-June 1987. Five years later, they had several thousand customers. UUNET reincorporated as a for-profit and then had its IPO. There is a long and interesting history; but this is not the place for it.

The important thing is that UUNET initiated commercial delivery of USENET and the Internet.

Chapter 11. OSF and UNIX International

In 1987, AT&T purchased a sizable percentage of Sun Microsystems and there was a joint announcement that they would be involved in a grand merger of System V and BSD. Moreover, AT&T announced that Sun would receive "preferential treatment" as AT&T/USL [UNIX Systems Laboratories] developed new software. Sun announced that its next operating system would not be a further extension of SunOS.

The scientific community felt that Sun was turning its back on them. The manufacturers felt that the special relationship would mean that Sun would get the jump on them. Great cries of praise did not go up from the computer manufacturers.

"When Sun and AT&T announced the alliance," Armando Stettner told me, "we at Digital were concerned that AT&T was no longer the benign, benevolent progenitor of UNIX . . . Sun was everyone's most aggressive competitor. We saw Sun's systems were direct replacements for the VAX. Just think: the alliance combined our most aggressive and innovative competitor with the sole source of the system software -- the balance shifted."

On 7 January 1988 there was a meeting at DEC's Western Offices in Palo Alto, CA. There were participants from Apollo, DEC, Gould Electronics, Hewlett-Packard, Honeywell-Bull, InfoCorp, MIPS, NCR, Silicon Graphics, UniSoft, and Unisys. The group (called "the Hamilton Group," because DEC's building was at 100 Hamilton Avenue) sent a telegram to James E. Olson, CEO of AT&T, requesting a meeting "during the week of January 25" with Vittorio Cassoni (Senior VP of AT&T's Data Systems Division).

Larry Lytel of HP called a preliminary meeting of the group at the JFK Marriott for the evening of 27 January. The meeting with Cassoni took place the next day. There was a follow-up meeting of the Hamilton Group in Dallas on 9 February. The meeting with Cassoni had had no positive effect where the Group was concerned. (It's not clear whether AT&T took the Group seriously. It appears that Cassoni just thought of this as jockeying for commercial advantage.) In March, IBM was invited to join.

Apollo, DEC, HP, IBM, Bull, Nixdorf, and Siemens held semi-secret meetings and in May 1988, the formation of the Open Software Foundation was announced. (The Wall Street Journal for May 18 noted that no one present at the launch of OSF could recall ever seeing Ken Olsen sharing a stage with an IBM chief executive.)

Ken Thompson was in Australia at the time. When Ritchie told him what had transpired, he said: "Just think, IBM and DEC in one room and we did it!"

The seven companies listed above were joining hands to produce a new UNIX kernel and a new user interface. Their "temporary" headquarters would be in Lawrence, MA. A delegation of executives (loaned to OSF from their various corporations) attended the USENIX Conference in San Francisco in June.

It didn't take long for AT&T, Sun and their coterie to form a counter-consortium, UNIX International, dedicated to the marketing of SVR4.

OSF quickly named its executive team, including David Tory (Computer Associates) as President; and Roger Gourd (DEC), Ira Goldstein (HP), and Alex McKenzie (IBM) among the Vice Presidents.

UI appointed Peter Cunningham (ICL) as President.

By the end of 1989, Gourd's engineering team had come out with a new user interface, Motif, which was well-received, and Goldstein's research team had chosen Mach as the underlying kernel for the OS. OSF also increased its number of sponsors, adding Hitachi and Philips. However, as HP swallowed up Apollo and Siemens bought Nixdorf, at year end there were still seven sponsors.

Both OSF and UI ran membership drives and gave out pens and badges and stickers. Each ended up with about 200 members.

In 1991-92 the worldwide economy worsened. Bull, DEC, IBM, and the computer side of Siemens all lost money. AT&T resold its share of Sun. The fierce mudslinging appeared to be over. (At one point there was even a rumor of OSF and UI merging, for the good of UNIX.)

It hardly seemed to matter: Sun had adopted Motif; in 1993 USL sold UNIX to Novell, whereupon UI disbanded; OSF abandoned several of its previously announced products (shrink-wrapped software and the distributed management environment); Bull, Philips and Siemens withdrew from sponsorship of OSF.

Armando remarked to me: "It's not clear whether there's any purpose to OSF any more."

In 1984 a group of UNIX vendors had formed a consortium, X/Open, to sponsor standards. It was incorporated in 1987 and based in London. In 1996 OSF merged with X/Open to become The Open Group.

X/Open owned the UNIX trademark, which passed on to The Open Group. The Group also took on Motif and the Common Desktop Environment (CDE).

But the Open Group maintained its concern with standards, and is the sponsor of the Single UNIX Specification. It has also taken on sponsorship of other standards including CORBA and the Linux Standard Base.


1Tymnet was an early proprietary network, first set up parallel to the ARPAnet by Tymshare, Inc., using Interdata 7/32s as nodes. In 1979, Tymnet was spun off by Tymshare and bought up by McDonnell-Douglas in 1984. In 1989, BT North America bought Tymnet from McDonnell-Douglas. In 1993, MCI bought Tymnet from BT North America for stock. Tymnet survived MCI's acquisition by WorldCom, but was finally closed down in 2004.

2 At that time I was Executive Director of the USENIX Association. I handled the UUNET application for not-for-profit status, the liaison with the lawyer, and signed all the checks for about 14 months. Over that period, the USENIX Board increased its "advance" to over $100,000. In only a few years, UUNET repaid all its debt.


Dr. Salus is the author of "A Quarter Century of UNIX" and several other books, including "HPL: Little Languages and Tools", "Big Book of Ipv6 Addressing Rfcs", "Handbook of Programming Languages (HPL): Imperative Programming Languages", "Casting the Net: From ARPANET to INTERNET and Beyond", and "The Handbook of Programming Languages (HPL): Functional, Concurrent and Logic Programming Languages". There is an interview with him, audio and video,"codebytes: A History of UNIX and UNIX Licences" which was done in 2001 at a USENIX conference. Dr. Salus has served as Executive Director of the USENIX Association.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.


  


The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, Excursus: UUNET & Ch. 11, by Dr. Peter H. Salus | 86 comments | Create New Account
Comments belong to whoever posts them. Please notify us of inappropriate comments.
Corrections here...
Authored by: Bas Burger on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 09:26 AM EDT
It looks like I am the first to reply here... :)

Not that I have any corrections here, I did enjoy this chapter like any other.

Bas.

[ Reply to This | # ]

Off-topics here please...
Authored by: Bas Burger on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 09:28 AM EDT
Please use HTML to make clickable links here...

[ Reply to This | # ]

The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, Excursus: UUNET & Ch. 11, by Dr. Peter H. Salus
Authored by: joe_param on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 10:37 AM EDT
Peter,

Thank you. Looking forward to the next instalment.

Kind regards
joe

[ Reply to This | # ]

The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, Excursus: UUNET & Ch. 11, by Dr. Peter H. Salus
Authored by: John Hasler on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 11:17 AM EDT
When the word got out, the demand far exceeded expectations. For example, Rick and Mike O'Dell had forecast 50 subscribers by the "end of summer." They topped 50 by mid-June 1987. Five years later, they had several thousand customers.
I became one of those customers when I found long-distance calls to bungia in the Twin Cities too expensive. UUNET kept raising the rates, though, and I had to drop the service. I was then without a connection until a local phone company started offering dialup service. The difficulty of getting PPP working on BSD/OS combined with BSDI's lack of support drove me to Linux.

[ Reply to This | # ]

The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, Excursus: UUNET & Ch. 11, by Dr. Peter H. Salus
Authored by: Anonymous on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 01:44 PM EDT
I've been following you series and it's very interesting.

I would like to say that I'm sorry I missed you talk in Hamilton, I had
arrangements to go but I got distracted and didn't realize your speech to the
HLUG was last night.

I hope it went well and was productive.

[ Reply to This | # ]

The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, Excursus: UUNET & Ch. 11, by Dr. Peter H. Salus
Authored by: Toon Moene on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 02:24 PM EDT
> By late March 1987 (in New Orleans), Rick was back with
> a full plan and the Board approved it enthusiastically.
> I was authorized to spend up to $35,000 for an
> experimental period.

Wow ! Just five whole years before I was connected at home (via NLnet) as one
of the first Dutch home UUCP machines.

If you wonder why I don't have the "moene.nl" domain, ask Piet
Beertema ...

---
Toon Moene (A GNU Fortran maintainer and physicist at large)

[ Reply to This | # ]

The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin, Excursus: UUNET & Ch. 11, by Dr. Peter H. Salus
Authored by: MattZN on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 04:48 PM EDT
Ah, I remember UUNET well. It wasn't inexpensive relative to today's prices,
costing me nearly $80/month for a USENET and email feed, but the result was an
ability to access USENET news and email (with a .us domain) long after I had
graduated from UC Berkeley. I developed the now famous (meaning that everyone's
forgotten about it) AmigaUUCP using my UUNET feed to test uucico, as well as an
email-based file transfer distribution system.

Those were during the days where the ARPANet was still a non-commercial network.
It soon began to be used for commercial purposes regardless of the rules, and
there was some foot stomping, but pretty much everyone began mixing commercial
and non-commercial work on it and the old guard disappeared and the new guard
(the commercial internet) emerged. Exciting times!

-Matt

[ Reply to This | # ]

Sun's reaction to OSF
Authored by: nerd6 on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 05:41 PM EDT
Sun was obviously mad at OSF. They called it "Oppose Sun Forever" in
their marketing in the early 90's - they denied OSF was a standard or unified
Unix, just a way to attack SUN.

[ Reply to This | # ]

UUnet, Serdar Argic, and Spam
Authored by: Anonymous on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 07:47 PM EDT
You might ponder including something of UUnet's role in enabling the early 1990s
composite personality, "Serdar Argic". It's rumored that a (then)
University of Minnesota student had a Uunet UUCP connection through which
"Serdar Argic" posted to usenet, and scanned all of usenet. Uunet
definitely protected "Argic's" newsfeed. "Argic" is lost
now, like tears in the rain.

Later, people widely suspected Uunet of "pink contracts", charging
some "difficult" customers more, and letting them off the Acceptable
Use Policy hook. I don't recall if confirmation of this ever surfaced.

[ Reply to This | # ]

UNIX Trademark? Who?
Authored by: Anonymous on Thursday, June 02 2005 @ 08:07 PM EDT
quote:X/Open owned the UNIX trademark, which passed on to The Open Group. The
Group also took on Motif and the Common Desktop Environment (CDE).

Owned?
who owns the trademark now?
Is the X/Open group beholden to SCO in any way?
G Morse

[ Reply to This | # ]

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