Why Groklaw?
Interview with Pamela Jones, editor of Groklaw
Michael J. Jordan, Linux Online Staff
July 31, 2003
Linux Online is pleased to present our visitors with an interview
with Pamela Jones who is responsible for a weblog, Groklaw,
which deals with the SCO case. Her site is an excellent resource
for those looking for a well-maintained and comprehensive guide
to what's going on day-to-day surrounding the SCO controversy.
Linux Online:
First, I'd like to congratulate you on your excellent weblog
dedicated to the SCO mess. "Mess" is probably the best word to
use. I mean, I would say SCO "case", but it's pretty clear, at
least from our side of it, that they haven't really got one.
What motivated you to get started with your weblog. Were you a
Linux advocate first?
Pamela Jones:
Thank you. I was an advocate only in the sense that I tend to give
Windows people I really like Knoppix CDs. I did try to find a way to
contribute in the past, but I am not a programmer and I could never
find my niche or a place I felt comfortable to be in.
I started my blog just before the SCO case was filed. Originally, my
purpose was just trying to learn how to blog, because an attorney and I
were discussing the possibility of me doing some telecommuting work for
him, including work on his blog. I had no knowledge of blogging, so
I quickly got Radio, because he used it , and I put up one article to
practice, which I never thought anyone in the world would ever see
(ironically, about the Grokster decision and how I admired David Boies'
Napster legal documents). I was just writing to the air.
My thought then was to try to explain legal news stories as they came
along. I was forever reading /. [Slashdot] comments about legal news
and most of the comments would be way off, and I realized that there is
a hunger for someone to explain what it all means, what the process
is, how things play out, to people who aren't in the legal field. I
didn't have a slashdot account, and any time I tried to comment, it
mostly ended up moderated a zero, meaning nobody read it, including
probably the moderators, so I gave up on that. : ) I also wanted to
play with graphic/text interaction, just for some creative fun.
When SCO filed its lawsuit, at first I didn't take it too
seriously. An early post was titled, "SCO Falls Downstairs, Hitting Its
Head on Every Stair". But it made me so angry that they would even
try something like this. I started to write about it more seriously.
And then events kept happening so fast, I stuck to this one story.
I reasoned like this originally: I am not a lawyer. I am not a
programmer. I have no influence. I have few friends in high places.
I am not a political person. I belong to no organizations. What can *
I* do?
By that question, I don't mean I gave up. I mean I seriously thought
about what could I do. I wanted to do something. I love GNU/Linux
software. It taught me how much fun computers can be. I love seeing
into the process. I love the ideals behind free software,
specifically, caring about other people and not just yourself, and
cooperation, and being able to look at the code and even change it and
share it freely. I've written about how it makes me feel in an
article called, "It's Free As in Freedom, Stupid". Yes, I was mad
that night. I'd probably call it something else now. But I had in my
mind the "It's the Economy, Stupid" signs, and I was playing on that.
I don't usually call people stupid.
I started out on computers with Windows, first 95 and then a 98SE box,
and at the time, I was the only person in the small law firm where I
then worked who was willing to learn enough about computers to set the
office up and keep the boxes more or less running. We had no sys
admin, no tech dept. Just me. So I had to learn, hands on, in real
time. They were always getting viruses and other malware, and
eventually I learned why and how and what to do (not that they
cooperated much), and one day I realized, "I really love this stuff."
When I discovered dual booting or a Knoppix CD meant you could see what
went wrong on the Windows side, it changed my life. Eventually, I
couldn't enjoy Windows any more, partly because I saw finally there
really was no way to secure a Windows 98 box no matter what you do, and
partly because upgrading beyond Windows 2000 meant licenses to choke
on, a lot because of privacy concerns, and also because I started
resenting typing in numbers to prove I had paid for the software and
feeling like I was being treated like I was criminally-inclined. The
difference in how I felt using the two OSs was striking.
One day, I realized that this difference was "It". Proprietary
software and all the laws that back it up are designed to enforce
restrictions on users. And that's just what it felt like. For
personal pleasure, I always turned to GNU/Linux, which felt like
breathing clean air. No restrictions. (I use Mandrake, out of loyalty,
because they made it possible for me to step into the pool, and
I especially love Knoppix. My next project is to do a permanent
install of Knoppix, when I get some time. It's Exhibit A demonstrating
the wonderful things that can happen when you don't tie code up in
proprietary chains.) I do sometimes in a work environment use
Windows, but I don't volunteer to use it in other contexts.
So when the attack from SCO began, I definitely wanted to help. I
honor the work of all the people who wrote this software. And it just
felt natural to want to do something to help them for giving me so much
pleasure, but how? I thought about David and Goliath. Everyone in
the army of Israel was afraid of Goliath, and they refused to go out to
fight, but one young boy said he was willing to go and that, with God's
help, he knew he could win. They gave him a suit of armor and a
sword, but he couldn't even walk in the armor, and he knew nothing
about swords. What he knew how to use was stones, a slingshot. He'd
been a shepherd and he'd killed bears and lions before with
the slingshot, so why not Goliath?
All right, I said to myself, what can I do well? The answer was, I can
research and I can write. Those are the two things attorneys and
companies hire me to do for them. I decided, I will just do what I do
best, and I'll throw it out there, like a message in a bottle. I
didn't think too many people would ever read it, except I thought maybe
IBM might find my research and it'd help them. Or someone out there
would read it and realize he or she had meaningful evidence and would
contact IBM or FSF. I know material I have put up can help them, if
they didn't already know about it. Because of my training, I recognize
what matters as far as this case is concerned. Companies like IBM
typically hire folks to comb the Internet for them and find anything
that mentions the company, so I assumed they'd notice me. That's all I
was expecting. By saying all, I don't mean to diminish it as a
contribution. I just wasn't expecting thousands of readers everyday.
I was more thinking of the many-eyeballs power in this new context.
Linux Online:
You must be seeing a big jump in your website statistics. This is
like the Linux story of the century and you've pretty much got your
finger on the pulse of it, so to speak.
Pamela Jones:
Yesterday, I had more hits than anyone else with a Radio blog. And I
made the all-time top 100 Radio blogs list, and I only started in May.
I haven't checked today. I try not to check, unless someone brings
something to my attention. It makes me nervous.
No one is more surprised than I am. In fact, the first time I got
slashdotted, I kind of lost my voice for a bit, because I started
worrying a lot about responsibility and liability and who am I
anyway, those kinds of things. But people are kind enough to validate
my work. I am linked to now by lawyers and by programmers on their
blogs, around the world, and they commend my efforts, and that is a
stress reliever and very gratifying. I get a lot of nice email too.
Readers are now leaving info in comments that are sometimes really
useful. Yesterday, a couple of guys did some really good research on
Sun's current distribution of the 2.4 kernel. I love that. So now,
I'm having fun. Fun with a serious intent.
LO:
I know you have in big bold letters on your main page that you are
*not* a lawyer - that you are a paralegal and that means that you
do research for lawyers. But if I might, I would like to ask you
your legal opinion at least on the recent SCO actions - that is SCO
has told Linux users that they can pay a license fee to be exempt
from legal action by them in the future. To put this in
perspective, SCO has shown 80 lines of code to a couple of
non-programmers, basically, and now they're trying to extract -
probably extort is a better word, fees from people over this and
the case hasn't even seen court yet. Isn't this unprecedented,
from a legal standpoint?
PJ:
The only legal advice I ever give is: ask your lawyer. I never give
legal opinions. That's reserved for lawyers only, and I respect that
line. That's why on the blog I just put the research out there, with
links, and quotations from others. I don't have to be anything more
than what I am to contribute. If I need a legal opinion, I write to
an attorney and ask him or her to comment. Sometimes I just ask them
privately to confirm or not what I am thinking of writing, to verify
I'm on target.
The exception is for GPL material. I do express my personal opinions
on that more freely. I know the FSF isn't going to sue me for
explaining how I think it works. The worst that will happen is
I'll get a corrective email from rms. : ) That's a joke. He hasn't
done that. But it'd be fine. I'm always glad to have anyone correct
me.
My goal is a site that can be relied on as being accurate, so when
mistakes come up, I always correct them in public, whether because of a
comment that points out an error or an email or if I correct myself
because of more information or just seeing a goof. In fact, if any
attorneys out there wish to write anything about the SCO case or
comment on any aspect of it, my blog is available. It's an open
invitation. Or just email me and tell me you don't want to be quoted
but such and so is like this or that, etc.
In direct response to your question, I certainly can say that
attorneys have expressed that we are in new legal waters here, and all
the attorneys I have seen express themselves on this subject, except
for SCO's attorneys, have said there is no need for any such
license. There isn't any question that the GPL clearly forbids any
restrictions on top of GPL'd code.
If anyone distributed with a license on top of GPL code, restricting
any of the freedoms the GPL grants, that is a violation, and you can't
do that. Period. Not without violating the GPL. SCO has been waxing
poetic about their sacred "IP" rights. But their license plan
violates the copyrights and/or the license rights of GPL coders if the
license buyers, or SCO, do any distribution. They can't have it both
ways morally or legally. Either we all respect each other's rights or
they can't whine about the most-holiness of their "IP".
LO:
One of the things that I don't understand about the case is how
David Boies actually took it. This is the guy who represented the
US govt. in the Microsoft anti-trust case and who represented Al
Gore in the Supreme Court in 2000. He's a high-profile lawyer and I
suppose he didn't jump into it without knowing what was at
stake. Why do you think he took the case?
PJ:
Me too. I have a high regard for David Boies' skills. I was
disappointed when I heard he took this case. But my opinion as to why
is this: first, he isn't a geek, so I don't think he quite sees
the whole picture, the implications of what he is doing. Last I
looked, he didn't even use email, not even in Windows, let alone
something like Evolution or sendmail. You had to email his
secretary, and she would print out messages for him. That may have
changed, after Gore starting sending him messages on his
Blackberry. Maybe he learned to like it.
It's obvious nobody on that side started with a clear understanding of
the GPL. McBride at the beginning said, "Linux will still exist; it
just won't be free any more", or words to that effect. He seemed to
think that would be reassuring. I wonder sometimes if Boies now has
any regrets. I hope he does. Whether he does or not, the GPL is SCO's
tar baby. The more it hits and kicks at it,the more stuck it gets,
just like Brer Rabbit.
I think they started out just wanting license fees from the big
players, or a buyout, and they likely thought it'd end like other such
lawsuits do, with money changing hands. You'd be surprised how many
such lawsuits there are every day. Microsoft just settled a patent
suit against it by agreeing to pay millions to some smaller company.
Yahoo settled another one against it. That's just today. Boies has
been quoted as saying that he wanted to ensure the software world
doesn't tip unfairly:"You don't want proprietary software to kill
Linux or vice versa. I want to make sure the playing field doesn't get
tipped." I don't share his goals, but I take that to mean that without
the lawsuit, UNIX would die, in his opinion. One other possibility is
that he saw it as exciting, to try to redefine what derivative code is.
Lawyers have been known to be attracted to cases where they think
they can make new law.
When it began, Boies said that it was only the reaction from Linux
people that was making the story such a big deal. So that tells me he
had no idea what they were doing was a life-or-death issue to
GNU/Linux. If you attack the free in free software, they may be
thinking free as in beer, but the community hears free as in speech.
Of course, the community is going to react to that. His not knowing
that tells me there's a lot about the community he doesn't know. If
SCO were to succeed, in a worst case scenario, which isn't what I
anticipate, I expect most programmers would just walk away en masse
and refuse to do any more work on Linux the kernel, if they saw a
player like SCO benefit from their good-hearted volunteer labor in
such an ugly way. Of course, as Stallman has pointed out, there are
alternatives, but the Linux kernel, if they succeeded in co-opting it,
would die on the vine. That's another way to kill their
license's value, by the way. They'd have a license on a dead kernel,
as far as advancement goes. Not that UNIX has been known for
innovation for a long time, so maybe they wouldn't know enough to
care. SCO doesn't seem to think things through to their end point.
Anyway, this worst case scenario seems impossible of fulfillment,
because of the GPL.
LO:
Another one of the by-products of all of this is that SCO's stock
which was at about 80 cents at the beginning of the year, is now at
13 dollars, as I write this. Some members of SCO's management have
sold off significant blocks of shares and SCO has bought a web
services company, Vultus. There are some out there who are hinting
that this is kind of a high profile "pump and dump" scheme. What
is your opinion on this?
PJ:
One thing I think some have missed is that SCO decided not long ago to
pay its directors and key execs in stock instead of cash, either
exclusively in cash or in addition to cash. I did put that info on the
blog. So at least some of the activity is probably just folks
cashing in to get paid so they can pay the mortgage.
But the whole Canopy story is interesting to me and I am certainly
following it as closely as I can. I keep posting raw data I find but I
so far have not felt personally that I can form an opinion, let alone
express one. This isn't my area of expertise. Sometimes I miss
scoops, because I am trying to verify absolutely everything before it
goes up, but I don't care. My goal is accuracy. I wish to be fair,
too, even to SCO, because those are my values.
LO:
Caldera, which bought SCO out in 2000, has always been somewhat
controversial - introducing per-seat licensing with a Linux
distribution, for example, but we're really not talking about the
old "Caldera" anymore are we? I mean Ransom Love got the boot as
CEO and Darl McBride moved in and he is basically, to paraphrase
Paul Newman in a great legal movie "The Verdict" - he is
essentially a "bag boy for the guys in the Canopy group". Who is
really moving the strings here is the Canopy Group, sort of in the
shadows, right?
PJ:
Again, I can't really say who is pulling the strings. I don't worry
about it much, though, because I have no doubt whatsoever that IBM is
on the watch on this point. All I need to do is continue looking and
digging up raw data. Others will recognize what is helpful and what
isn't. I don't view that part as my job.
LO:
Do you think Microsoft is behind some of this, as some pundits like
Cringely How about Sun? Or are they more the type like the kid
who holds the jackets of the two who are fighting and then waits to
see who wins?
PJ: IBM said yesterday that it's Microsoft. I have my
suspicions about Sun, which I have expressed on the blog here and
here .
How can we really know at this point? I'm sure of one thing: both are
trying to capitalize on the lawsuit. That's smarmy enough for me.
The SEC or the Justice Department or a court might want to know more
someday, I suppose, depending on how things eventually play out, but I
don't think you need to know more than we already do to see who is who
in this picture.
The fight though is bigger than the players. It's a culture clash.
It's proprietary software v. free and open source. I believe MS when
they say Linux will have IP headaches in the future, and I believe they
will be bringing on the headaches, directly or indirectly, because
they said that, unless the backlash from this SCO fight is so massive
that they decide it isn't going to work. Free and open source are
willing to play nicely with others, but we see now that the
proprietary side has issues. Some personality flaws too, don't you
think? : ) So, what do you do about a bully? If he's bigger than
you are, you certainly try to outsmart him. There's no lack of brains
on our side, happily.
Sometimes at 2 AM I think about Miguel de Icaza writing that when he
started to write Mono, somebody told him to take out life insurance.
LO: There are some tech pundits like
John
Dvorak at PC Mag. and Charles
Cooper at CNET - playing the gloom and doom card - sort of
'what if SCO is right' - and saying that we're not taking this
seriously enough. What do you think are the chances that SCO gets a
sympathetic judge and IBM is in real trouble and therefore Linux
users get the shaft?
PJ:
One thing I have learned for sure from following this case so closely:
Tech pundits aren't. I put up an article on how Microsoft
does its FUD. One of the things they use is journalists. I can't
speak to the individuals you mention specifically, for obvious
reasons. I wasn't persuaded by their arguments. Or worried. The IBM
case depends so much on what the contracts actually say, and
apparently there are thousands of them, that I don't think anyone,
except maybe IBM, knows at this point what will happen for sure.
We don't know yet exactly what it is that SCO registered a copyright
for. We also don't know yet if the registered copyright is valid. Just
registering a copyright doesn't prove it is valid. A court decides
that. I did send an email to SCO's people asking them about the
copyright, but they haven't answered me yet.
I also asked them about their contributing Unixware code to IBM's AIX
5L, the successor to Project Monterey, which I wrote about on Groklaw I asked what code
they had contributed to IBM and how they could know for sure
it wouldn't explain any identical code. They didn't answer that
question yet either. When they do, I'll be better able to evaluate.
But I don't think anyone knows for sure how this will turn out.
We don't yet have all the facts.
There are two fronts to this battle. The IBM side, which is so far
strictly a contract and tort war. Contracts trump IP laws, generally
speaking. The second side is the copyright-license fight against
users. It's two separate analyses.
I just don't know about the IBM side. I have confidence that they
intend to deal with the SCO issue successfully, one way or another.
SCO is like a mosquito in their bedroom. You just have to get
it before you can go back to sleep. I notice they
don't act scared.
My personal opinion is that the GPL is vital and determinative on the
second front and helpful on the first. But I'm not a lawyer. It's
just my opinion, kind of like if we were sitting around after dinner
and you asked me what I think. I have yet to see anything on SCO's
side that would make me believe they are going to prevail, but there is
a lot we have not seen. I know Boies would never, ever plant a flag in
the ground unless he had something to go on. It may be a stretch,
but it'd be something. The thing is, because he isn't a geek, he could
be mistaken. I don't believe, either, that he'd knowingly assist
anything like a pump and dump. If he were not involved, I'd
be snorting. I guess that's probably why they hired him.
If anyone asked my opinion on GPL or BSD licensing, I'd say go with
the GPL for anything that matters, if you can, and give over your
copyright to the FSF. It streamlines their ability to fight legally
and means you don't have to do it yourself. Besides, did you notice
nobody is suing the FSF or even accusing them? McBride even praised
Stallman for the care the FSF takes in policing code it accepts. This
is all about the kernel only, not the GNU tools. Someone asked Linus
the other day whether he regretted putting the kernel under the GPL
instead of using the BSD license, and he strongly said no.
If this case has done nothing else, it surely has shown the power and
the importance of the GPL. Richard Stallman took a lot of real abuse
over the years. I don't see eye to eye with him on everything myself.
Maybe you don't either. But it was his brain that came up with the
GPL. I assume attorneys were involved, but Stallman saw the need for it
to be created, and he made it happen. For that alone, the community
owes him at least gratitude and respect and maybe ...well, as far as
the SCO case goes, maybe everything.
LO:
And what about the reverse - that is - SCO is really skating on
thin ice and some company like Red Hat, though they don't have
really deep pockets - they get fed up and they sue SCO for
interfering with their business. What are the chances of something
like that happening - that a significant number of companies that
make money off of Linux start counter-suing?
PJ:
I think SCO will be sued some more before this is all over. I see a
number of ways it could be sued. If they keep going, at some point,
they are likely to get a legal reaction from IBM or FSF or the
individual contributors to the Linux kernel, who retain their
individual copyrights, or companies whose businesses they are hurting.
There are already legal actions against SCO in Germany, Poland and two
that I know of in Australia. The community is mad enough to want
to act. Personally, I'd like to hear from the German kernel coder who
sent them a cease and desist letter. I'd like to see what is going on
with that, if he's out there and wishes to contact me. I notice the
German SCO site (http://www.sco.de) doesn't mention the lawsuit at
all, unless my rusty high school German has let me down.
LO:
What do you think SCO's next move is going to be? They are running
out of people to sue, aren't they?
PJ:
No, they aren't running out of people to sue. Remember they started
saying they intended to imitate RIAA tactics. As for predictions, I
haven't figured out their next move more than a day or two in advance,
so far. What they are doing is, legally, a bit on the unusual side.
Also, we don't seem to think at all alike : ) so they tend to
surprise me. I usually get it figured out a day or two before it
happens, but no more. If they intend to go forward with the copyright
thing, they have to sue somebody for copyright infringement next.
Things aren't going the way they hoped, I'd guess. So, they are
probably evaluating their options themselves. In the past, they've
always foreshadowed whatever the next step was in the media, so I'm
waiting for that, if there is anything beyond copyright infringement
coming next. I believe they must be getting their PhD in the GPL
right about now. : ) IBM's statement forces them to take it
seriously. They probably didn't believe just little old me when I
kept writing that it was their Waterloo.
I'm guessing their decisions will depend on what is in the contracts,
what their copyright actually covers, if it's valid, how much they can
afford to spend on this quest, and whether or not there is a bigger
plan that this is just the opening gambit for.
If the purpose is to change how the law defines derivative code, so
that they can go after simply everyone, including Microsoft and Apple,
then they probably won't stop now. They have said, straight up, that
it is their view that all operating systems are derivatives of UNIX.
That's not the current legal definition. If you are interested,
here is a page
with a link to a paper by Dan Ravicher, who also does probono legal work for
the FSF, in addition to his day job, on how the 10th Circuit defines
derivative code currently.
They might have chosen Linux, I'm thinking, because the code is open
and easy to use for proof. It's harder to sue a proprietary software
company, because you can't just look at the code and see what is in
it. They could have figured that if they beat Linux, the rest of the
software world would just cave without having to sue anyone else. If
they have such big dreams, they won't stop until they are
stopped. There's too much money in such a dream.
If they are a puppet of some other company, as IBM seems to think,
then decisions may not be altogether theirs to make. If the goal is
just to slow Linux down for a while, then playing it out to the end,
whatever the end may be, may be enough to help them or the puppet
string-holder(s.) If the plan is to kill the demand for the Linux
kernel and offer UNIX with Linux applications on top of the UNIX kernel
instead, then who knows how long it will last. MS says 4 or 5 years.
I take that to mean there is a plan. If that's the plan, though, I
think it's more an illusion. I think the community can help by making
it totally clear that this plan won't go over. That's the purpose of
Groklaw, to contribute to that effort. It's an anti-FUD site. FUD
only works when the audience it is directed to doesn't know the truth
and is naive. So truth and more truth works against FUD. Even judges
are influenced by what they read. They are human beings too. When
I notice SCO FUD, I research and put out there whatever I can find to
disprove it. That's my personal contribution, the stones in my
slingshot.
I do believe it is conceivable, if we dig up enough facts and
evidence, that we can abort SCO's takeoff, so to speak, and make it
impossible for them to execute their plan successfully. Don't forget:
one of the most damning pieces of evidence in the MS trial was
something a geek noticed and pointed out. I see no reason why that
can't happen here too.
LO:
Thanks for taking your time to answer our questions - and thanks
for maintaining that great SCO resource you have!
PJ:
My pleasure. Thanks for the compliments, and feel free to contribute
to the resources.
This interview was originally published by Linux Online and is still available
here.
Last Updated Sunday, September 28 2008 @ 10:37 AM EDT
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