Psystar and Apple continue to battle it out, and things are coming to a head next month. They are fighting on two major fronts, and both will be the subject of oral argument on November 12. It looks like we will see an end, one way or another, of much of the first Apple-Psystar litigation. Psystar, I gather, would like this to be the end of this litigation, period, and then it will be on to Florida, I assume, for the second, the one over Snow Leopard, which Psystar has already been infringing, from Apple's point of view. Psystar has said it will accept an injunction of just Leopard, since it claims it isn't selling it any more anyway, and a nominal fine. All the rest of Apple's claims, it argues, are then moot.
But Apple would like this to go to trial on some trademark issues and other matters, which it sees as not mooted at all. It says it intends to seek disgorgement of Psystar's ill-gotten gains, by the way. And because Psystar can't possibly pay damages, it argues for a permanent injunction, but despite the recent ruling regarding Snow Leopard not being included in this litigation, Apple asks the court to fashion the injunction to include all its copyrighted Mac OS X software, not just Leopard, so Psystar can't continue to hop about infringing merrily along with each new version of Mac OS X.
As you recall, each side has filed summary judgment motions, with Apple opposing Psystar's motion but Psystar merely responding to Apple's. It knows it can't possibly win, I think, so it's just trying to minimize damages. It's particularly in these arguments regarding summary judgment that we get the clearest picture yet of what this lawsuit has been all about.
But in addition, there is a really nasty dog fight on the side over confidentiality, with Psystar attempting to get the court to unseal technical information about how to bypass Apple's encryption, information Apple views as a trade secret and which it would like to keep sealed. I view this argument less as core to the litigation, but more as lawyer-jockeying for advantage on Psytar's part. I'll show you what I mean.
First, here's how Apple views the confidentiality issue, in brief: Psystar has unlawfully circumvented the security mechanism in Apple's Macintosh
computers and its Mac OS X operating system software. Now Psystar wants to use the judicial
process by which Apple has acted to halt this illegal conduct to reveal Apple's proprietary security
mechanism to the world....
The relevant facts needed to understand
the significance of this case are that Apple uses an encryption method and Psystar has found a way
to circumvent it. Publishing the encryption scheme and the circumvention method in the Court's
files will simply invite others to engage in the same unlawful conduct. Remember when Apple told the court that it didn't trust Psystar to keep matters confidential? Were they wrong?
Apple and Psystar have been filing documents partially sealed to protect tech info on how Psystar bypasses Apple's encryption. Psystar seemed to me to be redacting a lot more than Apple, which puzzled me until now. I gather Psystar wanted the court to view Apple as over-sealing, so it could ask for sanctions. Sometimes that's the only way to win, and that's why I think Psystar argues for it.
The parties have met and conferred, and Apple lists some documents it says can be unsealed, but it wants to keep its trade secrets secret. Psystar says the method to bypass Apple's encryption has already been revealed, that you can find it all over the Internet, so where's the trade secret? But Apple produces case after case where courts ruled code was still a trade secret despite some having published it on the Internet.
Psystar's other argument is that with dispositive motions, which is what summary judgment motions are, the rule is transparency, with narrow exceptions, and that this judge warned the parties that any attempts to overseal risked having the filing in question tossed out. Of course, that is the relief Psystar asks for. Like I say, sometimes that is the only way to win. If you think you won't win on the merits, you might look for a technicality you can try. SCO tried something similar, trying to accuse IBM of discovery abuse, but it went absolutely nowhere. And now
Psystar asks the judge to sanction Apple for seeking to overseal portions of its summary judgment motion. Obviously, if Apple's motion for summary judgment were tossed out, it would protect Psystar from Apple's disgorgement, punitive damages, and trademark claims, in short, all the reap-what-you-sow part of their business strategy. Outside of the courtroom, Psystar invites us to violate Apple license with them by offering, for around $50 bucks, something new called Rebel EFI, an application it says "allows for the easy installation of multiple operating systems," including Mac OS X, natch. TUAW says this about it: Besides bypassing EFI requirements, Rebel EFI can also detect for Mac OS X compatible and incompatible hardware, and automatically download appropriate drivers. Skeptical? No worries: the app is free to try (as an ISO download), with a two hour time limit. You can rob a bank in less time than that, and that's free too, except that it's not legal, and so I wouldn't encourage you try out either.
I found it particularly interesting to see how Apple handles the recent ruling in Vernor v. Autodesk. Essentially, Apple describes it as a decision out of harmony with cases both before it and since. But even if the decision were correct, and Apple obviously thinks it was not, the facts are so different that Apple's position is that it doesn't apply to Psystar anyway. As for the Vernor court's reliance on United States v. Wise and the concept of permanent ownership meaning a sale and not a license, Apple shows that the court missed an important sentence or two in the Wise decision, which show that certain terms in a license, all of which Apple says it includes, mean that it remains a license no matter what it says about keeping a copy. Also interesting is that while Psystar says it only passes along the retail DVDs it purchases of Mac OSX, Apple says Psystar hasn't proven that with any evidence, and in fact by Apple's count, Psystar has sold more copies than it paid for, even if first sale covered its activities, which Apple says it doesn't. At most, even if the numbers were identical, first sale would only cover one copy, not the five that Apple claims Psystar makes, nor would it cover the "wholesale" modification and distribution. "Psystar indisputably adapts Mac OS X when adding,
deleting, and substituting kernel extensions to make Mac OS X operate on non-Apple hardware," Apple states.
Here's Psystar's argument in a nutshell about unsealing the documents:
In its order granting the joint motion for a confidentiality order, this Court explained that it was granting the joint motion subject to a list of four conditions. The fourth condition, citing Kamakana v. Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 2006), explains that a “compelling reason” is necessary to seal any part of a dispositive motion and that such a compelling reason will exist only with respect to trade secrets analogous to the recipe for Coca Cola. See Docket No. 55 at 2. Certainly material that is publicly available on the Internet does not qualify for Coke-like protection. Certainly this Court would not close the courtroom for essentially all of the trial in this case, as would be required if all the material designated by Apple as Confidential or Attorneys’ Eyes Only really merited sealing in a dispositive motion. Actually, someone did reveal what he claimed was the secret recipe, in a book published in 1993. Coca Cola people claim it isn't the Real Thing, however:
The official Coca-Cola recipe has been kept a secret successfully since a medicinal chemist called John Pemberton first wrote it down in 1886. These days it is supposedly kept under 24-hour guard in a vault in Atlanta, Georgia, even though author Mark Pendergrast published it in his exposé of the cola industry For God, Country & Coca-Cola in 1993. The company maintains that this recipe is not the same as the one it uses. That is very much like this case, where Apple says, among many other arguments, that there may be websites out there, with information, but they are not accurate. Then it produces cases showing that just because a few 1337 coders can figure some code out, what matters is what the average guy can or can't do.
I notice that Coke's recipe didn't lose its trade secret status because of the book. You can buy that book here. Here's the recipe for OpenCola, speaking of recipes, and it's under the GPL, too. Did you know that there was a Coke dispenser on the Space Shuttle [PDF] in the '90s? Yup. For research purposes, heh heh: The Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus-2 (FGBA-2) payload represents an evolutionary step in carbonated fluids management technology. For the Coca-Cola Company, the primary corporate sponsor, FGBA-2 will provide a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide, water and flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation. Coca-Cola also will be verifying and obtaining additional data on the effects of space flight on changes in taste perception. Such data might aid in understanding altered tastes in specific target populations on Earth, such as the elderly, and eventually lead to altered beverage formulations that could increase hydration for such individuals and for astronauts. The sponsor--BioServe Space Technologies--is using the technology and lessons learned from this mission to apply to other commercial space life sciences activities including the development of plant growth and cell culture biotechnology facilities, closed environment research facilities and other projects that require management of two-phase fluids. Payload health and engineering data will be collected along with video images documenting behavior of the carbonated beverages during transfer operations. Um. Right. Carbonated fluids management technology. Now you know how to get what you want included on the menu if you are heading out to outer space. Do research, with a corporate sponsor. Hey, it was a 10-day flight. That is a long time to live without Coke, if you are used to drinking it. Did you know a lot of folks drink Coke for breakfast down South? Yes. I couldn't believe it. Little kids, too.
I digress.
Apple's position is that it's a famous trademark, and they get special protection, and on the first-sale issue, it says this: first, Psystar isn't an owner of the copy it buys, it's a licensee; and second, even if it were an owner, its behavior goes beyond what first sale allows, in that Psystar modifies and distributes also: Psystar admits that it copies, modifies and distributes Apple's copyrighted software, Mac
OS X, without Apple's consent. Psystar admits that it circumvents - also without Apple's consent
- technological protection measures in Mac OS X in order to cause it to operate on computers that
were not designed by Apple and for which the software was never intended. Thus, unless Psystar
can demonstrate that its conduct falls within narrow exceptions to the statutes - and it cannot-
Psystar has violated both the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.c. §§ 101, et seq., and the Digital Milennium
Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 1201, et seq.
Psystar attempts to defend against Apple's copyright infringement and DMCA claims by
arguing that it is the "owner" of copies of Mac OS X and, therefore, can do with those copies as it
pleases. This argument fails for two reasons. First, Psystar is not the owner; it is a licensee of
Mac OS X, and Psystar's right to use the software is strictly limited by Apple's license. Second,
even if, contrary to the facts, Psystar were an owner of a copy of Mac OS X, Psystar's infringing
conduct exceeds the limited activities permitted by the "first sale" and "essential step" exceptions
in the Copyright Act. 17 U.S.C. §§ 109 and 117. The law squarely prohibits Psystar from
modifying, reproducing and distributing Apple's copyrighted software without Apple's
permission, even if Psystar were deemed an owner of a particular copy. If Psystar's interpretation
of these doctrines was correct, a customer who purchases a book, movie or music CD would be
free to make and sell unlimited reproductions of
that work and to publish and distribute derivative
works all because the customer is the "owner" of a single copy. Such a result would completely
eviscerate the copyright laws.
So, lots of drama. On Psystar's willingness to accept an injunction and a fine, Apple, of course, accepts an injunction, if it's permanent and covers all its copyrighted works, but that isn't the end of the matter in Apple's view: Despite its insistence that it has not infringed Apple's rights, Psystar nevertheless states
that it will stipulate to a permanent injunction and an award of nominal damages against it, and
then contends that the remainder of Apple's claims against it are moot. The relief that Psystar
proposes is insufficient. While Psystar's infringement should be enjoined, any injunction must be
broad enough to prohibit Psystar's continued unlawful conduct and protect Apple against the
recurrence of such conduct. Furthermore, a trier of fact must determine whether Psystar must
disgorge its sales revenue, whether Psystar's infringement has been willful, and whether punitive
damages are appropriate. Apple says that Psystar makes 5 copies of each copy of the software; Psystar, Apple says in footnote 3 of its opposition to Psystar's motion for summary judgment, has admitted to making three.
So much for the argument that Psystar just buys a copy and then sells it on under the protection of the first-sale doctrine, eh? Here's why Apple would like a broad, permanent injunction:
Second, Apple's integrated business model will be severely undermined if Psystar is not
permanently enjoined from infringing Apple's copyrights and circumventing its technological
protection measures. Nothing else will stop Psystar from continuing to sell unauthorized copies of
Apple software on non-Apple computers. There is litte doubt that Psystar will use each release of
a new version of Mac OS X as a new opportunity to mass reproduce and distribute unauthorized
copies of Apple software. And, if the Court declines to grant a permanent injunction, other
software pirates, like Psystar, wil argue that by simply purchasing a retail DVD version of Mac
OS X, they too are entitled to mass produce and sell software that Apple has spent many years and
hundreds of milions of dollars developing.
Certainly nothing has stopped Psystar so far.
I'll bet you never thought you'd see Psystar saying this: It should be clear from the papers that Apple has filed that Apple has spent millions of dollars pursuing this family business, trying to destroy them. The record is replete with Apple’s admissions
that this entire suit is based on a fierce motive to protect Apple’s market position by any means possible, legal or otherwise. This Court should end this vexatious litigation. It’s been millions too much. Well. Some might ask, from whence comes the vexatious litigation? The party that sued? Or the party that violated a license, infringed copyrights, violated the DMCA, and hence ensured it would get sued? Psystar also says something that caught my eye:
Rudy and Robert Pedraza are the founders and, for the moment, remain the dedicated leaders of Psystar. For the moment? Who is waiting in the wings to take over? Notice also the graphic used to argue no infringement happened. It maintains that if you violate a condition of a copyright license, that's a contract violation, not just copyright infringement and if you violate a covenant, it's completely contract. That's pretty much the same theory that inspired the anti-GPL crowd for years on message boards on the Internet, if you recall, and it was used in the model train case too. What a coincidence. Psystar also maintains that it is not a derivative work if you change a few 1s and 0s in someone else's work, if you need to to make them work well with your 1s and 0s. Any other anti-GPL arguments? I may have missed some.
Here are all the filings:
10/13/2009 - 186 - MOTION
Motion to Seal Motion in Opposition filed by Psystar Corporation.
(Attachments: # 1 Proposed
Order)(Camara, Kiwi) (Filed on 10/13/2009) (Entered: 10/13/2009)
10/13/2009 - 187 - MEMORANDUM
in Opposition to Apple's Motion to Seal filed by Psystar Corporation.
(Attachments: # 1 Exhibit A, # 2
Exhibit B, #
3 Exhibit C,
# 4 Exhibit
D, # 5 Proposed
Order)(Camara, Kiwi) (Filed on 10/13/2009) (Entered: 10/13/2009)
10/14/2009 - 188 - Reply to Opposition re 178 MOTION to Seal Portions of Apple Inc.'s Motion For Summary Judgment, Portions of Lynde Declaration, Kelly Declaration and Certain Exhibits to Chung Declaration filed by Apple Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit Reply Declaration of J. Jeb B. Oblak in Support of Apple Inc.'s Motion to Seal Portions of its Motion for Summary Judgment on Copyright Infringment, DMCA Violations and Psystar's Affirmative Defenses, # 2 Exhibit A-E)(Boroumand Smith, Mehrnaz) (Filed
10/22/2009 - 189 - CLERKS NOTICE Rescheduling Motion Hearing. Motion Hearing set for 11/12/2009 02:00 PM. (dt, COURT STAFF) (Filed on 10/22/2009) (Entered: 10/22/2009)
10/22/2009 - 190 - MOTION to Seal Document [Miscellaneous Administrative Request to File under Seal Portions of Apple Inc.'s Opposition to Psystar Corporation's Motion for Summary Judgment, Paragraph 2 of the Kelly Declaration and Portions of Exhibit 2 to the Boroumand Smith Declaration in Opposition to Same] filed by Apple Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit of J. Jeb B. Oblak, # 2 Proposed Order)(Oblak, Jeb) (Filed on 10/22/2009) (Entered: 10/22/2009)
10/22/2009 - 191 - DECLARATION of JOHN P. J. KELLY in Opposition to 182 MOTION for Summary Judgment [Declaration of John P. J. Kelly in Opposition to Psystar Corporation's Motion for Summary Judgment] filed byApple Inc.. (Related document(s) 182 ) (Boroumand Smith, Mehrnaz) (Filed on 10/22/2009) (Entered: 10/22/2009)
10/22/2009 - 192 - DECLARATION of MEHRNAZ BOROUMAND SMITH in Opposition to 182 MOTION for Summary Judgment [Declaration of Mehrnaz Boroumand Smith in Opposition to Psystar's Motion for Summary Judgment] filed byApple Inc.. (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit (s) 1-6, # 2 Exhibit (s) 7-14)(Related document(s) 182 ) (Boroumand Smith, Mehrnaz) (Filed on 10/22/2009) (Entered: 10/22/2009)
10/22/2009 - 193 - MOTION Motion to Seal filed by Psystar Corporation. (Attachments: # 1 Proposed Order)(Camara, Kiwi) (Filed on 10/22/2009) (Entered: 10/22/2009)
10/22/2009 - 194 - NOTICE by Apple Inc. re 192 Declaration in Opposition, [Notice of Manual Filing of Exhibit 7 to Declaration of Mehrnaz Boroumand Smith] (Gilliland, James) (Filed on 10/22/2009) (Entered: 10/22/2009)
10/22/2009 - 195 - Memorandum in Opposition re 181 MOTION for Summary Judgment ON COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT, DMCA VIOLATIONS AND PSYSTAR'S AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES filed by Psystar Corporation. (Attachments: # 1 Affidavit, # 2 Exhibit, # 3 Exhibit, # 4 Exhibit, # 5 Exhibit, # 6 Exhibit, # 7 Exhibit)(Camara, Kiwi) (Filed on 10/22/2009) (Entered: 10/22/2009)
10/23/2009 - 196 - Memorandum in Opposition re 182 MOTION for Summary Judgment [APPLE INC.'S OPPOSITION TO PSYSTAR CORPORATION'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT] filed byApple Inc.. (Gilliland, James) (Filed on 10/23/2009) (Entered: 10/23/2009)
10/23/2009 - 197 - Proposed Order re 196 Memorandum in Opposition [[PROPOSED] ORDER DENYING PSYSTAR CORPORATION'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT] by Apple Inc.. (Gilliland, James) (Filed on 10/23/2009) (Entered: 10/23/2009)
The hearing on these motions will be on November 12th, but the time has changed from 8AM to 2 PM, in case you were thinking of attending. The court notice indicates that time for oral argument will be very limited, because the judge is in the middle of another trial. But the place is Courtroom 9, on the 19th Floor, United States Courthouse, 450 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco, CA.
So, let's take a look at four of the documents. I've left off the headers, except for the titles, and the certificates of service, and the list of cases, and exhibits, just for space and also so I don't go bananas with details, so look to the PDFs for all that. There is also a lot more I could describe and explain, but the truth is, just getting all this transcribed was such a chore, and one I couldn't delegate, that I need to stop here. Maybe I can swing back around once I recuperate.
If you were wondering where I've been all weekend, this is where. What? You thought I flew to Rio to party on the beach? I wish. I'll start with Psystar's response to Apple's summary judgment motion, and then Apple's opposition to Psystar's motion for summary judgment, and then the filings about the sealing issue. I'm providing links to them because there is so much material, my hope is the links will help you to jump to the parts that interest you most and to go back and forth between the various arguments. Of course the court filings don't have those, and I also had to distinguish the footnotes in the various filings. For anything that matters, then, go by the PDFs, as always. So, then, it goes like this:
Update: Some seem surprised by the argument that a RAM copy counts in copyright infringement calculations. This is not new. Here are a couple of the cases that Apple references, so you can see the arguments the courts used to reason on the question: Mai and Wall Data.
Also, Psystar has now replied to Apple's motion:
10/30/2009 - 203 - MOTION Motion to Seal Motion for Administrative Action filed by Psystar Corporation. (Attachments: # 1 Signature Page (Declarations/Stipulations) Declaration, # 2 Proposed Order)(Camara, Kiwi) (Filed on 10/30/2009) (Entered: 10/30/2009)
10/30/2009 - 204 - Reply Memorandum re 182 MOTION for Summary Judgment Corrected Version filed by Psystar Corporation. (Attachments: # 1 Signature Page (Declarations/Stipulations) Declaration, # 2 Exhibit A, # 3 Exhibit B, # 4 Exhibit C)(Camara, Kiwi) (Filed on 10/30/2009) (Entered: 10/30/2009)
The motion to seal appears to be because Psystar filed something as docket #202 without properly sealing parts of it, which they have now corrected in docket number 204. 202 is no longer available on PACER, so don't bother trying to get it.
: )
Here then, as text, are the above filings, but not the update by Psystar, in the order of the list I made:
*************************
PSYSTAR’S RESPONSE TO APPLE’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
Apple seeks summary judgment on its claims for copyright infringement and violation of the DMCA. Apple does not seek summary judgment on its breach-of-contract claims, which are based on alleged breaches of the OS X Leopard Software License Agreement (SLA). Apple focuses on its copyright claims because it wants to bury Psystar with the statutory damages laid out in the Copyright Act and the DMCA — penalties that reach up into the many millions of dollars in a case in which actual injury to Apple is doubtful and Apple has refused to permit discovery into that injury. The practical question before this Court is whether it will put the bludgeon of statutory damages in the hands of copyright owners to enforce rights that the Copyright Act does not grant and that exist, if at all, solely by virtue of contract.
I. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
Psystar develops software to enable OS X to run on non-Apple hardware. Psystar's software interacts with OS X at its lowest level, the OS X xnu kernel ("Xnu"). A kernel (such as Xnu) provides an interface between higher-level software and underlying hardware resources, and serves to facilitate communications among the various programs a user might run on a computer. [redacted]
[redacted]
2
[redacted]
Since Darwin is open source, any member of the public can download the software and use it under the terms of Apple’s and other parties’ open-source licenses.6 Or they can buy a modified version of Darwin with the proprietary graphical user interface known as OS X:
[redacted]
[redacted]
3
[redacted]
The construction of a kernel extension is not a hack. It is something Apple knows about and encourages. Apple produces and distributes documentation and tools that help programmers with
4
enough technical skill develop new kernel extensions to extend the capabilities of OS X. Anyone who purchases a copy of OS X has access to these tools, and they are also available for download on the Internet:7
[redacted]
5
[redacted]
Psystar makes use of Xnu’s inherent architectural flexibility. Psystar has written kernel extensions that allow Xnu to run on non-Apple computers. It is clear that Psystar is free to modify and distribute code that allows Darwin to run on non-Apple hardware.
[redacted]
6
[redacted]
7
II. BREACHES OF THE SLA DO NOT MAKE PSYSTAR LIABLE FOR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT.
[redacted]
To prevail on its copyright claims, Apple must show that Psystar violated an exclusive right granted to Apple by the Copyright Act. If Psystar has not violated any such right, then it does not matter, for purposes of analyzing a copyright claim, whether Psystar has violated the SLA. This is because the breach of a promise in the SLA cannot convert an act that was not copyright infringement into one that is infringement; at most, breach of the SLA gives rise to a breach-of-contract claim. Put another way, if Psystar’s business activities do not invade Apple’s rights under the Copyright Act, then Psystar does not need any license from Apple to engage in those activities and need not comply with the terms of any such license in order to avoid committing copyright infringement.
A license agreement can be relevant to determining whether a defendant has committed copyright infringement, but only if the defendant has first violated an exclusive right granted by the Copyright Act. This is because a license can permit what would otherwise be a violation. Moreover, even if the defendant has violated an exclusive right granted by the Copyright Act and has done so in violation of a license agreement, the defendant has not necessarily committed copyright infringement. It is copyright infringement only if the term of the license that the defendant violated is a condition of the license, and not a mere covenant. See, e.g., Sun Microsystems, Inc. v. Microsoft
8
Corp., 188 F.3d 1115 (9th Cir. 1999). A license agreement can only limit the copyright holder’s rights; it cannot expand them.
This Court need not reach the question whether Psystar violated the SLA because Psystar does not rely on any license from Apple. Psystar contends, instead, that its business activities do not violate any exclusive right that the Copyright Act grants Apple. Because Psystar does not invade any of Apple’s copyright rights, it does not need any license from Apple to avoid copyright infringement. This Court can safely ignore all those parts of Apple’s motion for summary judgment that rely on the SLA rather than the Copyright Act.
III. PSYSTAR DID NOT ENGAGE IN COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
Apple contends that Psystar violated three of the exclusive rights granted by the Copyright Act: the reproduction right; the distribution right; and the right to create derivative works. See M. at
9
13–15; 17 U.S.C. § 106(1)–(3).
A. Psystar Does Not Violate Apple’s Reproduction Right Because Of § 117 And, In The Alternative, Fair Use
[redacted] These copies are made in the course of the imaging process by which Psystar installs copies of Mac OS X on the computers that it sells to end users.
Unauthorized Copy One. [redacted] This is not copyright infringement because it falls under 17 U.S.C. § 117. When Psystar installs a copy of OS X on its imaging-station computer, it is merely installing a copy of OS X that it lawfully purchased, as permitted by § 117. This would be entirely clear if Psystar were installing OS X on the imaging-station computer directly from the OS X DVD. Apple contends that installing OS X on the imaging-station computer from the Mac Mini instead of from the OS X DVD transforms this copying into copyright infringement.
Section 117 provides that “it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make . . . another copy or adaptation of that computer program . . . as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a machine.” When Psystar copies OS X to the imaging-station computer, it is the lawful owner of a copy of OS X and is installing a copy of OS X on a computer. See Psystar’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 5–9. This is precisely what § 117 permits. See Psystar’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 9-11.
Section 117 nowhere requires that the copy that is installed on the computer be made directly from the copy of a computer program that the owner owns. Section 117 provides that the owner of a DVD containing OS X Leopard, as the “owner of a copy of a computer program,” can install OS X Leopard on his computer. It does not require that this installation be done directly from that DVD.
10
Installing from the DVD would be the ordinary course for an end user, of course, but it would be inefficient for Psystar, which installs OS X on many computers. Because Psystar owns one OS X DVD for every copy of OS X that it installs on its computers, the fact that it does these installations from a Mac Mini rather than directly from the OS X DVD does not defeat its § 117 right to install a copy of OS X.
Moreover, in the alternative, it is fair use for Psystar to install copies of OS X that it has a right, as an owner of one OS X DVD per Psystar computer, to install in a more efficient way than by inserting the DVD’s in Psystar computers one by one. In Wall Data, the Ninth Circuit considered the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department’s decision to install software on 6,007 computers when it had a license for only 3,663 computers. The Sheriff’s Department claimed that this was fair use because it took steps to ensure that no more than 3,663 users were using the software at any time, even though the software was installed on 6,007 different computers. The Ninth Circuit rejected this claim of fair use, but stated that using imaging for 6,007 installations would not, in itself, be a problem: To be clear, we do not hold that a fair use defense is not available simply because the infringer uses technology to make efficient use of its licenses. The problematic aspect of the Sheriff’s Department’s use is that it took in excess of what it bargained for, not that it was technologically efficient. Thus, for example, if the Sheriff’s Department had saved time and money by hard drive imaging RUMBA software onto the number of computers for which it had licenses, its 'efficiency' would not create a problem.
Wall Data Inc. v. Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Dep’t, 447 F.3d 769, 779 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006) (emphasis added). Unauthorized Copy Two.
[redacted]
This copying is not copyright infringement for the same reasons as apply to allegedly unauthorized copy one: § 117 permits Psystar to install copies of OS X that it buys on Psystar computers; and it is fair use to use an imaging station to make the
11
process of installation more efficient.
Unauthorized Copy Three.
Copying a computer program into RAM as a result of installing and running that program is precisely the copying that § 117 provides does not constitute copyright infringement for an owner of a computer program. As the Ninth Circuit explained, permitting copies like this was § 117’s purpose: Section 117 was enacted on the recommendation of CONTU, which noted that “[b]ecause the placement of any copyrighted work into a computer is the preparation of a copy [since the program is loaded into the computer’s memory], the law should provide that persons in rightful possession of copies of programs be able to use them freely without fear of exposure to copyright liability.” CONTU Report at 13.
Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., 977 F.2d 1510, 1520 (9th Cir. 1992).
B. Psystar Does Not Violate Apple’s Distribution Right Because Of § 109. [redacted]
As discussed in the next section, Psystar does not agree that the addition of Psystar’s bootloader and kernel extensions constitutes a modification of OS X. Instead, Psystar contends that it is bundling OS X, unmodified, with Psystar’s own interoperable software. It is just as though Psystar were selling computers with both OS X and Microsoft Word installed: it would not be the case in that situation that Psystar had “modified” OS X to include Microsoft Word (or vice versa); it would be appropriate to say, instead, that Psystar had bundled OS X with Microsoft Word while modifying neither.
Stripped of the inaccurate “modification” description, Apple’s allegation is that Psystar violated its distribution right by selling a package consisting of (1) a Psystar computer, (2) a copy of OS X, and (3) a copy of Psystar’s bootloader and kernel extensions. It is only (2), the resale of a
12
copy of OS X, that arguably could violate Apple’s distribution right. But the resale of a copy of OS X does not violate Apple’s distribution right because resale of a copy by the owner of that copy is expressly permitted by § 109. See Psystar’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 11. As the Ninth Circuit has explained: [T]he first sale doctrine provides that where a copyright owner parts with title to a particular copy of his copyrighted work, he divests himself of his exclusive right to vend that particular copy. While the proprietor’s other copyright rights (reprinting, copying, etc.) remain unimpaired,the exclusive right to vend the transferred copy rests with the vendee, who is not restricted by statute from further transfers of that copy, even though in breach of an agreement restricting its sale.
United States v. Wise, 500 F.2d 1180, 1187 (9th Cir. 1977) (emphasis added).
C. Psystar Does Not Violate Apple’s Right To Create Derivative Works Because Psystar Does Not Create Derivative Works
[redacted]. Psystar responds that adding to or replacing parts of OS X without modifying the OS X source or object code and solely as a result of installing on the same computer additional, separate software written by Psystar is not the creation of a derivative work of OS X.
1. Installing multiple pieces of software on a computer does not create a set of derivative works
Apple’s position is best refuted by reductio ad absurdum. Apple claims, with respect to the bootloader, that replacing one program in Apple’s operating system (the Apple bootloader) with a different software program written by a third party (the Psystar bootloader) is the creation of a derivative work of OS X. But if this were so, then a user could not, for example, replace Apple’s Internet browser, Safari, with Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome without creating a derivative work. Similarly, a user could not replace Apple’s word-processing programs TextEdit or Pages with Microsoft Word or Corel WordPerfect without creating a
13
derivative work. It cannot be the case that every time third-party software is installed on a computer, the result is a new derivative work consisting in the combination of all the software on that particular computer.
Another way of saying this is that the changes made by Psystar are entirely functional in nature. With the addition of Psystar’s kernel extensions, OS X is extended to run on non-Apple computers.
Functional changes to a compilation do not create a new works of authorship (a necessary element in the creation of a derivative work). See Silverstein v. Penguin Putnam, Inc., 368 F.3d 77 (2d Cir. 2004) (citing Torah Soft Ltd. v. Drosnin, 136 F.Supp.2d 276, 287 (S.D.N.Y.2001)).
2. Apple’s cases — Dun & Bradstreet, Strohon, and Artic — are inapposite because they concern defendants who modified the plaintiff’s source code or object code, something that Psystar did not do.
[redacted]. Apple’s first case, Dun & Bradstreet, involved a copyright owner who licensed the source code of a suite of enterprise management programs (payroll preparers and the like) to large companies. See Dun & Bradstreet Software Services, Inc. v. Grace Consulting, Inc., 307 F.3d 197 (3d Cir. 2002). The defendant was a consultant that would come in and modify the source code of the licensed programs to improve their operation for the licensee. See id. at 202 (“Grace began offering Millenium licensees Grace’s 'Remain on Release' program, which provides Geac customers with Grace’s own version of Geac’s W-2 program.”).
This modification was 'large scale,' and included compilation, link editing, and testing of GMI W-2 software with the DBS code at customer sites, and modifying the Geac program language code. He [a Grace witness] further stated unequivocally that in fixing bugs and in adding features, Grace consultants have modified DBS’s source code.
Id. at 208–09. Unlike the defendant in Dun & Bradstreet, Psystar did not have access to, much less did it modify, the source code for Apple’s OS X. Psystar simply bought a copy of OS X off the shelf like
14
any other purchaser. There is a difference between modifying someone else’s program to create a new and improved version of that same program — a task that will typically require “modifying the . . . program language code,” “compilation,” and “link editing,” id. — and using someone else’s program in combination with your own. If Microsoft were to gain access to OS X’s source code and build in a better word processor, then sell the product as OS Eleven, advertising, like the defendant in Dun & Bradstreet, that customers should buy this instead of OS X, that might be the creation of a derivative work. But if Microsoft merely installs Microsoft Word on top of OS X, this is simply the use of two programs together, not the creation of a derivative work.
After all, on the contrary view, would the result of installing Microsoft Word be a derivative work not only of Apple’s OS X but also of Microsoft’s Word? The multiplication of derivative-work claims resulting from Apple’s view as applied to an ordinary computer running third-party software from many different manufacturers would be bizarre. Every major software company would need to cross-license its work with the owners of all other programs that it could expect to be installed on the same computer. This is not the law. Rather, the law is that installing two programs on the same computer does not create a derivative work even if the result of installing one program is to modify some of the ones and zeroes that make up the other program and even if one program’s purpose is to improve or expand the total capabilities of the computer system. Cf. Wells Fargo & Co. v. WhenU.com, Inc., 293 F. Supp. 2d 734, 769 (E.D. Mich. 2003) (“Even if the presence of an overlapping window could be said to change the appearance of the underlying window on a computer screen, the mere alteration of the manner in which an individual consumer’s computer displays content sent by plaintiffs’ websites does not create a 'derivative work.'").
Apple’s other two cases both involve two video games from the 1980’s, Galaxian and PacMan. In Strohon, a district-court case from Illinois, the defendant sold physical ROM’s (silicon chips) that could be plugged into a Pac-Man arcade game in place of some of the Pac-Man ROM’s to
15
change the rules, add new levels, and otherwise make the game more exciting. See Midway Mfg. Co. v. Strohon, 564 F. Supp. 741, 744 (N.D. Ill. 1983). The defendant also included a kit for re-branding the Pac-Man game as Cute-See, replacing all the stickers on the arcade box that referred to Pac-Man with stickers that referred to Cute-See. See id. (“The CUTE-SEE graphics appear to be intended to cover the words ‘PAC-MAN’ wherever they appear on the cabinet.”). In Artic, the defendant sold ROM’s that simply made that Galaxian game faster and hence more challenging for players. See Midway Mfg. Co. v. Artic Int’l, Inc., 704 F.2d 1009, 1013–14 (7th Cir. 1983).
Strohon and Artic are like Dun & Bradstreet in that the defendant took a base of code made by the plaintiff and modified that code to make a new, upgraded version of the plaintiff’s product that the defendant called his own. Strohon and Artic are OS Eleven cases. Neither case is analogous to the case at bar because, here, Psystar does not create a new and upgraded operating system; it merely installs its own code along with OS X. This code enhances the operation of the resulting computer, just as third-party drivers help a computer work with hardware like scanners or printers and just as third-party application software like Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome or Microsoft Internet Explorer helps a computer to surf the web or do other tasks. But the fact that third-party code lets a computer do what it could not do before does not mean that installing that code creates a derivative work of the operating system. It is only when the third-party code creates a new version of the operating system, and not a separate and distinct program, that a derivative-work problem arises.
D. Psystar Owns The Copies Of OS X That It Buys.
[redacted]
16
[redacted]
Because this issue has been fully briefed in Psystar’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Psystar will not reproduce its arguments here.
E. Section 117 Applies To Psystar’s Installation Of Copies Of OS X.
[redacted] .
1. Psystar has not waived its § 117 defense.
Psystar has not waived its rights under § 117 because § 117 is a “limitation[] on [a copyright owner’s] exclusive rights.” 17 U.S.C. §117. Thus, § 117 does not excuse unauthorized copying that constitutes infringement but instead states that certain types of unauthorized copying do not infringe a copyright owner’s exclusive rights. As the Ninth Circuit explained in Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc., “[s]ection 117 defines a narrow category of copying that is lawful per se” and “[s]ection 107, by contrast, establishes a defense [of fair use] to an otherwise valid claim of copyright infringement.” 977 F.2d 1510, 1521 (9th Cir. 1993) (emphasis in original). Accordingly, Psystar did not need to raise § 117 as an affirmative defense.
However, to the extent that the court finds § 117 is an affirmative defense, Psystar has pled it. The eighth affirmative defense states that Psystar has not “infringed any alleged copyright” in this case. Psystar Corporation’s Answer to Apple Inc.’s First Amended Complaint, p. 18. While not mentioning the section by name, Psystar describes the substance of a § 117 defense: that a narrow category of copying is lawful.
17
In any case, Psystar raised the substance of its § 117 argument at least as early as March 6, 2009 in its Second Supplemental Responses to Apple Inc.’s First Set of Interrogatories (see Rogs. # 7, 10), attached as Ex. F. This date was well before Apple conducted most of its depositions in this case and over six months before the dispositive-motions deadline. Apple’s own Motion for Partial Summary Judgment demonstrates that Apple knew Psystar would argue this defense. Apple spent almost 10 percent of its motion space arguing against the merits of Psystar’s § 117 defense. Apple cannot say they have been surprised or prejudiced by Psystar’s assertion of § 117.
2. Section 117 applies to Psystar even though Psystar installs copies of OS X for the ultimate purpose of resale to end users.
The only case that Apple offers in support of its argument that § 117 does not protect Psystar and its customers is a 1984 district-court case in which Apple beat Pineapple. In the Formula case, Apple obtained an injunction against a kit computer maker who included Apple software as part of the unassembled computer kits that it sold. Formula I is the district court’s order on the application for an injunction. See Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int’l, Inc., 562 F. Supp. 775 (N.D. Cal. 1983). Formula II is the district court’s order on a motion to enforce the injunction by contempt. See Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int’l, Inc., 594 F. Supp. 617 (N.D. Cal. 1984). Formula I has nothing to do with § 117 at all. The case nowhere considers whether § 117 would protect the defendant’s actions. Indeed, it is not clear whether the defendant owned legitimate copies of Apple’s software or, instead, owned pirated copies, in which case § 117 would not apply. At issue was whether Apple’s software programs were copyrightable expressive works or uncopyrightable ideas or algorithms. See Formula I, 562 F. Supp. at 778–83. This (except as to the haiku when used as a key) is not at issue in the case at bar. Formula II considers whether purchasing a lawful copy of Apple software then copying that software not onto a computer, but onto silicon chips that can be plugged into a computer by the end user, is protected by § 117. The court held that this copying was not protected for two alternative
18
reasons: (1) because the imprinting on silicon chips is not for “internal use”; and (2) because the imprinting on silicon chips is not “an essential step” in using the computer program because the programs in question could be run from the original disk. See Formula II, 594 F. Supp. at 621–22.
Neither reason stated in Formula II is applicable to Psystar. Psystar does not sell kit computers; like Dell, it assembles complete computer systems and sells these working computers to end-users. Because Psystar installs Apple’s software on its own computers as an essential step for the use of Apple’s software on those computers, Psystar falls squarely within § 117. Even while the computers are at Psystar, Psystar can use them to run OS X. The installation is an “internal use.”
Moreover, because OS X, unlike the Apple software at issue in Formula II, cannot be run from the disk, the installation of that software is an essential step in using OS X so that this installation falls within § 117. Psystar does not make a copy of OS X onto a separate component for later, external installation in a computer; it installs its copies of OS X onto working computers internally at Psystar.
IV. PSYSTAR DID NOT VIOLATE THE DMCA.
[redacted] Psystar responds that it did not violate the DMCA because (1) any circumvention did not facilitate infringement and therefore did not violate the DMCA, see Chamberlain Group, Inc. v. Skylink Technologies, Inc., 381 F.3d 1178 (7th Cir. 2004); Realnetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass’n, No. C-08-4548-MHP, 2009 WL 2475338 (N.D. Cal. 2009) (adopting Chamberlain); Storage Technology Corp. v. Custom Hardware Engineering & Consulting Inc., 421 F.3d 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2005); and (2) Apple’s anti-circumvention technology is wholly ineffective because the key has been publicly available on the Internet for years, see Lexmark Int’l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 387 F.3d 522, 547 (6th Cir. 2004).
19
at 13–20 (incorporated by reference), Psystar will not repeat its arguments here.
V. COPYRIGHT MISUSE
Apple misstates the doctrine of copyright misuse. First, neither proof of an antitrust violation nor a showing of market power is necessary to prevail on a defense of copyright misuse. See Practice Mgmt. Info. Corp. v. American Med. Ass'n, 121 F.3d 516, 521 (9th Cir. 1997) ("a defendant in a copyright infringement suit need not prove an antitrust violation to prevail on a copyright misuse defense”). Second, public policy underlying copyright strongly opposes a copyright owner using his copyrights to gain commercial control over products that are not protected under copyright law. In re Napster, Inc., Copyright Litigation, 191 F. Supp. 2d 1087, 1105 (N.D. Cal. 2004) (noting that “unduly restrictive copyright licensing agreements” can constitute misuse).
The cases cited by Apple bear no resemblance to the issues at hand. In Bell Atlantic Business Systems Services, Inc. v. Hitachi Data Systems Corp., the court rejected the misuse defense because the defendant had alleged “no other basis for copyright misuse . . . [b]eyond the [dismissed] antitrust claims.” 1995 WL 836331 at *11 (N.D. Cal.). Similarly, in Service & Training, Inc. v. Data General Corp., the court held that “even though 'a misuse need not be a violation of antitrust law in order to comprise an equitable defense to an infringement action,’ appellants have offered no evidence” of copyright misuse beyond the previously rejected tying claim. 963 F.2d 680 (4th Cir. 1992). Here, by contrast, Psystar does not offer recycled theories of antitrust violations.
Apple’s contention that “courts have consistently upheld the license restrictions” found in the SLA is not supported by the two cases it cites (never mind the irrelevance of this argument). In fact, Apple’s first case, Triad Systems, is an excellent case to support Psystar’s position that the sale of software copies extinguishes certain copyrights in the copyright holder: Triad software customers are subject to three different contractual arrangements. From 1976 to 1985, Triad sold its software outright to customers (“Regime 1”). Because
20
Regime 1 customers own their software, they have rights under the Copyright Act to make or authorize the making of copies in the operation of their computers. As a result, such copies are noninfringing, even if they are made by Southeastern in the course of servicing Regime 1 customers' computers. Triad therefore concedes that Southeastern cannot be barred from making use of software owned by Regime 1 customers.
Triad Systems Corp. v. Southeastern Exp. Co. 64 F.3d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1995) (emphasis added).
Apple’s second case, Microsoft Corp. v. BEC Computer Co., Inc., arose from the defendant’s distribution of “stand-alone” copies of the licensed software, which the license prohibited, for less than the prices required in the license agreement. 818 F. Supp. 1313 (C.D. Cal. 1992). Because Psystar paid for every copy of OS X Leopard that it installed, BEC Computer is inapposite.
We now know from the record that Apple fully intended — with singular focus — to use copyright law to enforce the tethering of OS X to Apple hardware. Witness after witness presented by Apple testified to Apple’s intention to implement certain technological features whose sole purpose is to provide offensive legal weaponry against any user that attempts to use OS X on nonApple hardware:
[redacted]
21
[redacted]
VI. MILLIONS TOO MUCH
We need not repeat the misuse arguments made in Psystar’s Motion for Summary Judgment at 20–24 (incorporated by reference). Instead, we simply and respectfully request that the Court deny Apple's motion and provide Psystar the relief it deserves. Psystar is a company not unlike many thousands of other small businesses that are the backbone of the American economy. Rudy and Robert Pedraza are the founders and, for the moment, remain the dedicated leaders of Psystar. They are assisted by a small group of employees, many of whom are also family. The Pedrazas are proud Cuban-Americans who embody the spirit of innovation and hard work of which all of us, as Americans, are so justly proud.
It should be clear from the papers that Apple has filed that Apple has spent millions of dollars pursuing this family business, trying to destroy them.8 The record is replete with Apple’s admissions
22
that this entire suit is based on a fierce motive to protect Apple’s market position by any means possible, legal or otherwise. This Court should end this vexatious litigation. It’s been millions too much.
Dated: October 22, 2009
Respectfully submitted,
CAMARA & SIBLEY LLP
By: /s/ K.A.D. Camara
____________________________
K.A.D. Camara
Attorneys for Defendant / Counterclaimant Psystar Corporation
1 Psystar appreciates the assistance of Christian Curtis, Jane Dryer, and the Brooklyn Law Incubator & Policy Clinic in the research and drafting of this response.
2 [redacted]
3 [redacted]
4 [redacted]
5 [redacted]
6 See http://developer.apple.com/Darwin/
7 See http://developer.apple.com/technology/xcode.html.
8 The materials filed under seal in connection with Psystar’s Motion for Summary Judgment should now be unsealed under Local Rule 79-5(d). Under the Local Rules, Apple had five days to file a declaration stating good cause for keeping sealed those parts of Psystar’s motion that Psystar filed under seal. See Local Rule 79-5(d) (“Within five days thereafter [after the motion to seal is filed], the designating party must file with the Court and serve a declaration establishing that the designated information is sealable, and must lodge and serve a narrowly tailored proposed sealing order, or must withdraw the designation of confidentiality. If the designating party does not file its responsive declaration as required by this subsection, the document or proposed filing will be made part of the public record.”). Apple never filed the required declaration. Accordingly, Psystar respectfully requests that at least this part of the dispositive motions be immediately released to the public.
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**********************************************
APPLE INC.'S OPPOSITION TO
PSYSTAR CORPORATION'S MOTION
FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
PUBLIC VERSION
[REDACTED]
[ back to top ]
I. INTRODUCTION
Psystar admits that it copies, modifies and distributes Apple's copyrighted software, Mac
OS X, without Apple's consent. Psystar admits that it circumvents - also without Apple's consent
- technological protection measures in Mac OS X in order to cause it to operate on computers that
were not designed by Apple and for which the software was never intended. Thus, unless Psystar
can demonstrate that its conduct falls within narrow exceptions to the statutes - and it cannot-
Psystar has violated both the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.c. §§ 101, et seq., and the Digital Milennium
Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 1201, et seq.
Psystar attempts to defend against Apple's copyright infringement and DMCA claims by
arguing that it is the "owner" of copies of Mac OS X and, therefore, can do with those copies as it
pleases. This argument fails for two reasons. First, Psystar is not the owner; it is a licensee of
Mac OS X, and Psystar's right to use the software is strictly limited by Apple's license. Second,
even if, contrary to the facts, Psystar were an owner of a copy of Mac OS X, Psystar's infringing
conduct exceeds the limited activities permitted by the "first sale" and "essential step" exceptions
in the Copyright Act. 17 U.S.C. §§ 109 and 117. The law squarely prohibits Psystar from
modifying, reproducing and distributing Apple's copyrighted software without Apple's
permission, even if Psystar were deemed an owner of a particular copy. If Psystar's interpretation
of these doctrines was correct, a customer who purchases a book, movie or music CD would be
free to make and sell unlimited reproductions of
that work and to publish and distribute derivative
works all because the customer is the "owner" of a single copy. Such a result would completely
eviscerate the copyright laws.
Psystar argues that even if it has infringed, Apple cannot enforce its copyrights because it
has misused them. But Psystar has presented no evidence to support either ground for copyright
misuse. First, there is no evidence that Apple has market power and has misused it, an issue
already addressed earlier in this case. Second, Psystar offers no evidence - because none exists -
that Apple has used its copyrights to subvert the goals of the Copyright Act.
Psystar's argument that it is not liable for trademark and trade dress infringement should
similarly be rejected. Psystar admits that it uses Apple's trademarks and trade dress to promote
1
the sale of its infringing products, but asserts that its conduct is excused as "nominative fair use."
This is wrong. Psystar has used Apple's marks in ways that far exceed what is "reasonably
necessary" to identify its products and has engaged in other conduct clearly intended to suggest
that its products are sponsored by Apple.
Despite its insistence that it has not infringed Apple's rights, Psystar nevertheless states
that it wil stipulate to a permanent injunction and an award of nominal damages against it, and
then contends that the remainder of Apple's claims against it are moot. The relief that Psystar
proposes is insufficient. While Psystar's infringement should be enjoined, any injunction must be
broad enough to prohibit Psystar's continued unlawful conduct and protect Apple against the
recurrence of such conduct. Furthermore, a trier of fact must determine whether Psystar must
disgorge its sales revenue, whether Psystar's infringement has been wilful, and whether punitive
damages are appropriate.
As revealed by their simultaneous motions for summary judgment, Apple and Psystar
agree there are no material issues of fact regarding Apple's claims that Psystar has engaged in
copyright infringement and violated the DMCA. As demonstrated below, and in Apple's motion
for summary judgment, the law and facts require entry of judgment in Apple's favor on those
claims.
II. STATEMENT OF FACTS
The statement of facts Psystar includes in its motion is incomplete and misleading.
Moreover, when describing its own activities, Psystar's statement of facts is totally devoid of
citations to admissible evidence. Nonetheless, the facts that are actually relevant to this case,
which are set forth below, are undisputed.
A. Apple's Software License Agreement
It is uncontested that Apple sells boxes containing DVDs on which its copyrighted Mac
OS X software is written. (Psystar Br. at 5.) Apple includes a Software License Agreement
("SLA") with its software that specifically states that "Apple and/or Apple's licensor(s) retain
ownership of the Apple Software itself." (Psystar Br. at 6 and Ex. A at § 1.) The SLA also states:
2
BY USING THE APPLE SOFTWARE, YOU ARE AGREEING TO BE BOUND
BY THE TERMS OF THIS LICENSE. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE
TERMS OF THIS LICENSE, DO NOT USE THE SOFTWARE.
(Psystar Br., Ex. A at Preamble.) The SLA specifically restricts use of Mac OS X to Apple
computers (Id. § 2.A.):
This License allows you to install, use and run one (1) copy of
a single Apple-labeled computer as at time. You agree not to install, use or run the
Apple Software on any non-Apple-labeled computer, or to enable others to do so.
The SLA also prohibits modification of Mac OS X (Id. § 2.F) and the sale of any modified
9 versions of Mac OS X (Id. § 3).
B. Psystar Copies And Modifies Mac OS X To Create A Psystar Computer
Psystar purchases computer components from third parties and assembles them. (Psystar
Br. at 9.) Psystar then loads onto those computers Apple's Mac OS X software, which Psystar
modifies with its "own software" to "add features ... to get OS X Leopard to work on a wider
range of computers than simply Apple Macintoshes." (Id. at 9, 11.)
Psystar contends that it purchases a Mac OS X DVD at retail (the "Retail DVD Version")
for each computer it sells, and Psystar claims that it includes the Retail DVD Version with each
computer it ships to its customers. (Psystar Br. at 9-10.) But Psystar does not install the software
written on that Retail DVD Version onto each Psystar computer. Instead, as ilustrated below,
Psystar makes at least three infringing copies of Mac OS X during its manufacturing process and
never actually utilizes the Retail DVD Version that it allegedly includes with each computer.
3
Psystar's Copying Process
Psystar copies the hard drive of a Macintosh computer containing Mac OS X (as depicted
above on the left side of the diagram) onto its "imaging station" computer (shown in the middle of
the diagram). This is the first unlawful copy. Psystar then modifies this copy of Mac OS X to
create a "master copy" that wil run on non-Apple computers.A1 Psystar next uses "hard drive
imaging" to install copies of its "master copy" of Mac OS XA1 from the imaging station onto each
computer it assembles.A3 This is the second unlawful copy (a process repeated many times).
Finally, every time Psystar turns on any of the Psystar computers running Mac OS X, which it
4
does before shipping each computer, Psystar necessarily makes a separate modified copy of Mac
OS X in Random Access Memory, or "RAM."A4 This is the third unlawful copy.
As this process shows, the Mac OS X software installed on Psystar computers is a different
copy of the software than the Retail DVD Version. The installed version has been modified so
that it can run on Psystar's hardware. Indeed, when Psystar demonstrated its manufacturing
process to Apple's expert, Dr. John Kelly, he confirmed that Psystar never uses the Retail DVD
Version Psystar claims to include with the computers it sells.A5
It is undisputed that Psystar modifies Mac OS X and circumvents Apple's technological
protection measures so that Mac OS X is capable of running on Psystar computers.A6 Psystar
agrees that Apple's expert, Dr. Kelly, "clearly describe[s]" Psystar's method for circumventing
Apple's security mechanism in Mac OS X. (Psystar Br. at 15.)A7
5
C. Psystar Uses Apple's Trademarks And Trade Dress To Advertise Its
Computers
When Psystar advertises and sells its computers running Mac OS X, it knowingly trades on
Apple's famous trademarks and its trade dress to deliberately target customers already interested
in buying an Apple computer. In an obvious attempt to capitalize on Apple's goodwil, Psystar
first called its computer the "OpenMac." (Psystar Answer ¶ 12.) Psystar's advertisements
extensively use Apple's trade dress and Apple and Mac logos.A11 More than 75 percent of Psystar's
text ads include an Apple trademark or trade name.A13 In addition, Psystar uses Apple's word
marks APPLE and MAC in the address of certain pages within its website (the URL), such as
"www.Psystar.com/OpenMac."A14 Also, Psystar created URLs that will deliberately attract people
seeking to buy an Apple computer.A15 And Psystar purchased search terms from Google and
Yahoo! based upon Apple's marks and products, so that Google or Yahoo! users searching for an
Apple computer or Mac OS X are distracted, confused, and diverted by Psystar ads.A16 Thus,
Psystar has deliberately targeted its advertising to consumers already interested in buying an
Apple computer.
III. ARGUMENT
Psystar has presented no evidence to dispute that it copies, modifies, and distributes Mac
OS X without Apple's consent. The facts set forth above, and in Apple's Motion for Summary
Judgment, establish that Psystar has infringed Apple's copyrights and trademarks and violated the
DMCA. Psystar therefore relies on certain legal defenses, including the first sale and essential
6
step doctrines, copyright misuse, and nominative fair use in an attempt to defend against Apple's
claims. For the reasons set forth below, each of Psystar's arguments fails.
A. The First Sale Doctrine Does Not Excuse Psystar's Conduct
Psystar cannot excuse its infringement of Apple's copyrights by relying on the "first sale"
doctrine. The "first sale" rule, 17 U.S.C. § 109(a), only allows the owner of a "particular copy" to
"dispose of the possession of that copy." This applies strictly to the "particular" physical copy as
"purchased and nothing else." Mirage Editions, Inc. v. Albuquerque A.R.T. Co., 856 F.2d 1341,
1344 (9th Cir. 1988) (emphasis added). "Section 109 does not authorize adaptation and
reproduction of a copyrighted work." Midway Mfg. Co. v. Strohon, 564 F. Supp. 741, 745 (N.D.
Ill. 1983). Moreover, section 109 does not supersede the copyright holder's exclusive right to
create derivative works.Mirage, 856 F.2d at 1341, 1344; Midway, 564 F. Supp. at 741. Psystar
argues that because it "owns" the DVD on which Mac OS X is written, it is entitled to (1) modify
Mac OS X and create derivative works, (2) make and distribute unlimited copies of Mac OS X,
and (3) circumvent Apple's technological protection measures. Psystar's argument is profoundly
wrong.
1. Psystar May Not Assert The First Sale Doctrine Because It Is A
Licensee, Not An Owner, Of Mac OS X
By its terms, section 109(a) is limited to the "owner" - not the licensee - of a particular
copy. As is typical in the software industry, Apple licenses its software to end users. See Wall
Data Inc. v. Los Angeles County Sheriff's Dept., 447 F.3d 769, 786 n.9 (9th Cir. 2006) ("(The first
sale doctrine rarely applies in the software world because software is rarely 'sold.'"); Adobe Sys.
Inc. v. Stargate Software Inc., 216 F. Supp. 2d 1051, 1059 (N.D. Cal. 2002) (noting how software
"fundamentally differs from more traditional forms of medium"); Adobe Sys. Inc. v. One Stop
Micro, Inc., 84 F. Supp. 2d 1086, 1091-92 (N.D. Cal. 2000). Psystar acknowledges that Apple,
when providing its software to users, expressly states that the Mac OS X software "is licensed, not
sold, to you by Apple Inc. ('Apple') for use only under the terms of this License, and Apple
reserves all rights not expressly granted to you." (SLA § 1 (emphasis added).) This license
language also is featured on the outside of the packaging for Mac OS X, which states:
7
"Important Use of this product is subject to acceptance of the Software License Agreement(s)
included in this package. Don't steal software. www.apple.com."A17
The SLA's express terms, which impose significant limitations and prohibitions on the use
and disposition of Apple's software, confirm that the purchasers of Mac OS X are licensees, not
owners, and therefore are not entitled to assert section 109 as a defense to infringement. Among
the SLA's restrictions are (1) prohibitions against unauthorized uses ofthe software (SLA § 2A);
prohibitions against renting, redistributing, or sub-licensing (SLA § 3); (3) limitations on
transfer (SLA § 3); (4) limitations on copying the software (SLA §§ 2C and 2F); (4) prohibitions
on modifying the software (SLA § 2F); (5) automatic termination in case of breach (SLA §5); and
(6) mandatory destruction of
the software in case of breach (SLA § 5). Such profound restrictions
are wholly inconsistent with Psystar's claimed "ownership" of the software and, instead,
conclusively identify a license transaction. See, e.g., Stargate Software, 216 F. Supp. 2d at 1057-58 (finding that terms similar to the SLA "substantially and undeniably interfere[d] with . . . [the]
ability to distribute and/or convey title to the products in question"); One Stop Micro, 84 F. Supp.
2d at 1091-92 ("[N]umerous restrictions imposed by Adobe indicate a license rather than a sale
because they undeniably interfere with the reseller's ability to further distribute the software.");
Novell, Inc. v. Unicom Sales, Inc., No. C-03-2785, 2004 WL 1839117, at *11 (N.D. CaL. 2004)
(reservation by copyright owner of all rights not expressly granted and automatic termination for
breach indicate a license).
Psystar quotes a single clause from the SLA providing that the licensee owns the "media
on which the Apple software is recorded," and argues that this somehow supports Psystar's
ownership of the software. Psystar is wrong. The plain meaning of this phrase is that Psystar
owns only the disk, not the software written upon it. The Copyright Act makes clear that
"[o]wnership of a copyright, or of any of the exclusive rights under a copyright, is distinct from
ownership of any material object in which the work is embodied." 17 U.S.C. § 202. Transfer of
the "material object" in which the work is "fixed" does not convey rights in the work itself. Id.;
see also Serv. & Training, Inc. V. Data Gen. Corp., 963 F.2d 680, 687 n.13 (4th Cir. 1992).
8
Vernor v. Autodesk provides little support for Psystar's argument that it owns a copy of
Mac OS X and is therefore entitled to assert first sale and essential step defenses. Vernor v.
Autodesk, Inc., 555 F. Supp. 2d 1164 (W.D. Wash. 2008) ("Vernor l") and Vernor v. Autodesk,
Inc., No. C07-1189, 2009 WL 3187613 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 30, 2009) ("Vernor II"). First, as the
Vernor court itself noted, its holding is inconsistent with recent Ninth Circuit case law finding that
software licenses precluded the defendants in those cases from asserting the first sale and essential
step doctrines: Wall Data, Inc. v. Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, 447 F.3d 769 (9th
Cir. 2006), Triad Systems Corp. v. Southeastern Express Co., 64 F.3d 1330 (9th Cir. 1995) and
MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cir. 1993). The Vernor court
acknowledged that:
If the court were to apply this trio of precedent (the "MAI trio") to the
license before it, it would conclude that Autodesk did not sell
AutoCAD copies to (the purchaser). The terms of the Autodesk
License are either indistinguishably similar to or more restrictive than
the licenses found not to be sales in the MAI trio.
Vernor I, 555 F. Supp. 2d at 1172. Vernor also is inconsistent with recent Northern District of
California case law. See, e.g., Stargate Software, 216 F. Supp. 2d at 1057-58; One Stop Micro, 84
F. Supp. 2d at 1091-92.
Furthermore, even if Vernor did apply, the holding is extremely narrow. The court found
that Mr. Vernor could resell on eBay the genuine AutoCAD software discs he had purchased. Mr.
Vernor did not modify the AutoCAD software; he did not create a master copy of the software to
use for mass duplication; he did not pre-install the AutoCAD software onto computers while
retaining the master copy; nor did he circumvent a technological protection measure to do all of
the above. None of these infringing activities is permitted by section 109, even if the infringer is
deemed an owner. Because Psystar does all of these things, Vernor does not immunize Psystar's
infringement.
Similarly, Psystar's argument that United States v. Wise, 550 F.2d 1180 (9th Cir. 1977),
the case on which Vernor primarily relies, excuses its actions, should be rejected. Wise addressed
whether the transfer of certain film reels and prints constituted sales. Psystar argues that under
Vernor and Wise, because a "buyer" of a Mac OS X DVD "may keep the DVD indefinitely," a
9
sale must have occurred. (Psystar Br. at 7.) This is factually incorrect,A18 and focuses on only a
single factor in the test applied in Wise.A19 In determining whether a given transfer was to an owner
or a licensee, the Wise court considered multiple factors which establish that Apple licenses Mac
OS X. Specifically, the court observed that (1) agreements with limitations on duplicating or
copying indicate a license; (2) agreements designated as licenses and transferrng "only limited
rights" indicate a license; (3) reservation of right of title indicates a license; (4) agreements "not
phrased in terms of a license" indicate a sale; and (5) an upfront payment standing alone does not
establish a sale when considered in light of the entire agreement.
The only transaction the court in Wise determined was a "sale" was the so-called Redgrave
Contract (Wise, 550 F.2d at 1191-92), in which Warner Brothers gave actress Vanessa Redgrave a
print of "Camelot." The Redgrave Contract nowhere stated that it was a license. Instead it stated
that Redgrave "will pay [Warner Brothers] our cost for said print" and "[s]aid print is furnished for
your personal use and enjoyment and shall be retained in your possession at all times." Wise, 550
F.2d at 1192. The Redgrave Contract further had no termination or destruction provisions. Id.A20
By contrast, Apple's SLA states unequivocally that it is a license and includes destruction and
termination provisions. See also Hampton v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 279 F.2d at 103
(agreement is a license where rights are "expressly restricted" and the agreement is called a
"license" - even if there "was no requirement that outstanding prints and negatives were to be
returned").
10
2. Even If Psystar May Assert The First Sale Doctrine, Psystar's Copying,
Modifcation, And Distribution Of Mac OS X Constitute Copyright
Infringement
Section 109(a) permits the owner of a "particular copy" of software to "sell or otherwise
dispose of possession of that copy" without the copyright owner's permission. 17 U.S.C. §
109(a); Mirage, 856 F.2d at 1344. As discussed above, in the course of
building its computers
Psystar makes three types of unauthorized copies from a single copy of Mac OS X that it
purchased at retail: (1) Psystar copies Mac OS X from an Apple computer onto its non-Apple
"imaging station"; (2) Psystar then uses the imaging station to make multiple modified copies of
Mac OS X which it installs on every Psystar computer; and (3) Psystar makes an additional copy
of
Mac OS X in RAM whenever it turns on its computers. None of these copies is the "particular
copy" of Mac OS X that Psystar purchased. See, e.g., MAI Sys. Corp., 991 F.2d at 518-19
(copying to RAM alone constitutes infringement); see also Wall Data, 447 F.3d at 775. Thus,
even if Psystar were deemed the owner of the particular copies of
Mac OS X that it purchased,
Psystar may not assert the first sale doctrine with respect to any of
the unauthorized copies it
makes.
Furthermore, the undisputed facts establish that Psystar modifies every copy of
Mac OS X
that it installs so that Mac OS X can run on Psystar's computers. None of
these modified copies is
permitted by section 109 because none constitutes the "particular copy" of Mac OS X that Psystar
purchased. Mirage, 856 F.2d at 1344 (first sale doctrine did not apply to the defendant's sale of
prints that the defendant removed from a book it purchased and then framed and resold; "the
derivative works right, remains unimpaired and with the copyright proprietor"). Thus, even if
Psystar owns a particular copy of Mac OS X, it stil has infringed Apple's copyrights by
modifying Mac OS X and creating multiple unauthorized derivative works.
Psystar's argument that it is absolved of liability for copyright infringement because it
allegedly purchases and redistributes a genuine Retail DVD Version of
Mac OS X with each of its
computers should be rejected. Psystar offers no evidence that it actually ships a Retail DVD
Version of Mac OS X with each of its computers, and its motion fails for this lack of admissible
11
evidence alone.21 Even assuming Psystar could prove that it included the Retail DVD Version
with each computer it shipped, Psystar would at most be entitled to assert the first sale doctrine
with respect to that particular copy of the Retail DVD Version. As discussed above, Psystar is not
entitled to assert the first sale doctrine with respect to the three types of unauthorized copies and
any modified copies that Psystar makes, and all of these copies infringe Apple's copyrights.
B. Psystar's Copying Is Not Excused By The "Essential Step" Exception
Psystar glosses over the clear limitations of the "essential step" rule, which establishes a
narrow exception to the general prohibition against unlawful copying of copyrighted works and
further restricts distribution of such copies. See 17 U.S.C. § 117(a)-(b). Psystar waived this
defense by not pleading it22 and, in any event, it has no merit. The "essential step" defense is
intended to ensure only that an owner-user of software can make a single copy of the software
program by loading it onto a computer and using it, or can transfer that "exact copy" without
violating copyright law. See 17 U.S.C. § 117; Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int'l, Inc., 594 F.
Supp. 617, 621-22 (C.D. Cal. 1984), aff'd 725 F.2d 521 (9th Cir. 1984). Nothing in the statute, or
cases interpreting it, suggests that section 117 immunizes Psystar's wholesale copying and
modification of Mac OS X for the purpose of distributing it for commercial gain on unauthorized
platforms to Apple's competitive disadvantage.
12
1. Psystar May Not Assert A Section 117 Defense Because It Is Not An
"Owner" Of The Software
Psystar cannot invoke section 117 because, as discussed above, under clear Ninth Circuit
authority, Psystar is not an "owner" but a licensee of
Mac OS X. See Wall Data, 447 F.3d at 785.
Only a license is granted when "the copyright holder (1) makes clear that it is granting a license to
the copy of the software, and (2) imposes significant restrictions on the use or transfer of the copy...." MDY Indus., LLC v. Blizzard Entm 't, Inc., No. CV-06-2555, 2008 WL 2757357, at *8 (D.
Ariz. July 14, 2008) ("[L]icensees of a computer program do not 'own' their copy of the program
and therefore are not entitled to a section 117 defense.") (citing Wall Data, 447 F.3d at 785); see
also MAI Sys. Corp., 991 F.2d at 518 (section 117 does not apply to a licensee); Triad Sys. Corp.,
64 F.3d at 1333 (section 117 applied when Triad sold software but did not apply when Triad
began to license its software). The SLA could not be more clear that it is granting a license to use
the Mac OS X software, and the terms of
that license impose "significant restrictions on (its) use
(and) transfer." Accordingly, Psystar is not an "owner" and cannot invoke section 117 to justify
any of its conduct.
2. Psystar's Conduct Exceeds The Narrow Scope Of Section 117's
Essential Step Defense
Even if, despite Wall Data's clear holding, Psystar could be considered an "owner of a
copy," section 117(a)'s narrow exception for copying that is essential to the utilzation of software
does not authorize Psystar's mass reproduction and distribution of Mac OS X without Apple's
permission. See Wall Data, 447 F.3d at 785-86 (holding that copying software onto multiple
computers via "hard drive imaging" is not an immunized "essential step" but, rather, an infringing
"matter of convenience"). Psystar concedes that section 117 only authorizes the "owner of a copy
of a computer program to take steps necessary to run that program on his computer." (Psystar Br.
at 10.) Yet, there is no dispute that Psystar is doing far more than what is necessary to use Mac
OS X when it copies, modifies, installs, and distributes Mac OS X with its computers. None of
this is authorized by section 117.A23
13
Furthermore, Psystar's conduct cannot be justified because section 117(b) explicitly
prohibits the transfer of computer programs that have been adapted without "the authorization of
the copyright owner." 17 U.S.C. § 117(b). Psystar indisputably adapts Mac OS X when adding,
deleting, and substituting kernel extensions to make Mac OS X operate on non-Apple hardware.A24
Psystar admits it adds features "to increase [Mac OS X's] functionality." (Psystar Br. at 11
(Psystar takes "steps" to make Mac OS X "work on a wider range of computers than simply Apple
Macintoshes.").) Psystar also concedes that making software run on a different platform (or
"porting" the software, as Psystar characterizes it) requires making an adaptation under section
117. (Psystar Br. at 10-11.) Psystar then takes this adaptation and "resell[s] the package."A25
Under section 117, "[a]daptations so prepared may be transferred only with the authorization of
the copyright owner." 17 U.S.C. § 117(b).A26 Because Apple has never authorized Psystar to copy
or adapt Mac OS X, Psystar is forbidden from transferrng Apple's software and section 117
provides no defense.
Psystar argues that Krause v. Titleserv, Inc., 402 F.3d 119 (2d Cir. 2005), somehow
indicates that section 117 would protect its unauthorized copying, modification, and distribution of
Mac OS X. To the contrary, the Krause court expressly recognized that section 117 permits the
owner to take only those steps necessary for the owner to enable the use for which the copyrighted
14
work was both sold and purchased. Id. at 128. As the SLA expressly provides, Mac OS X is sold
exclusively for use on Apple computers. Psystar's copying and adaptation of Mac OS X are
directly contrary to that purpose. Furthermore, the Krause court noted that the rights permitted
under section 117 "could 'only be exercised so long as they did not harm the interests of the
copyright proprietor.'" Id. at 129 (quoting Final Report of the National Commission on New
Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (1978) at 13, available at http://digital-law-online.info/CONTU/PDF/index.html (hereinafter cited as the "CONTU Report")). The court
stated that section 117 therefore would not apply "if the altered copy of [plaintiff's] work were to
be marketed by the owner of the copy." Id. at 129. Psystar modifies Mac OS X, markets the
modified copies of Mac OS X, and sells them in competition with Apple. That activity is not
allowed by section 117 under any circumstance. See, e.g., Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int'l,
Inc., 562 F. Supp. 775 (C.D. CaL. 1984), aff'd 725 F.2d 521 (9th Cir. 1984); Apple Computer, Inc.
v. Formula, Int'l, Inc., 594 F. Supp. at 620 (rejecting arguments that section 117 authorized
creation and distribution of computer "kits" using copies of Apple's operating system software). [redacted]
Psystar has infringed Apple's
copyrights with respect to "Mac OS, Mac OS X, Mac OS X version 10.5, and Mac OS X Server,
individual files constituting components of Mac OS, Mac OS X, Mac OS X version 10.5, and Mac
OS X Server, as well as various files constituting components of other Apple software and
firmware found on Apple labeled computers." (Amended Complaint (Docket No. 38) ¶ 26.)
It is undisputed that an operating system, like Mac OS X, is entitled to copyright
protection. See, e.g., Triad Sys., 64 F.2d at 1333. Indeed, in Lexmark Int'l Inc. v. Static Control
Components, Inc., 387 F.3d 522 (6th Cir. 2004), the case upon which Psystar relies, the court
15
emphasized that unlike the printer lock-out code at issue in that case, Apple's operating system is
precisely the type of creative expression entitled to copyright protection. Id. at 539. The Lexmark
court stated that Apple Computer, Inc. v. Formula Int'l, 725 F.2d at 525, which the plaintiff had
cited, was distinguishable from Lexmark, noting that comparing Apple's operating system to the
plaintiff's lock-out code was like comparing "the Sears Tower ... to a lamppost." Id.
Distinguishing Apple's operating software, the Lexmark court stated, "Given the nature of the
Apple program, it would have been exceedingly difficult to say that practical alternative means of
expression did not exist and indeed no defendant in the cases advanced that argument." Id.
[redacted] Atari Games Corp. v.
Nintendo of America, Ltd., 975 F. 2d 832, 840 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (holding that a software lockout
mechanism consisting of "arbitrary programming instructions" arranged "in a unique sequence to
create a purely arbitrary data stream" is protectable expression that is not purely functional); see
also Dun & Bradstreet Software Servs., Inc. v. Grace Consulting, Inc., 307 F.3d 197, 216 (3d Cir.
2002) (holding that the scope of copyright protection should be analyzed from the point of view of
the creator and not the alleged infringer). [redacted] A28
16
D. Apple Has Not Misused Its Copyrights
Although Psystar contends that Apple has misused its copyrights, Psystar has failed to
explain what Apple has done that allegedly constitutes copyright misuse. Psystar does not contend
that the SLA provisions constitute copyright misuse; indeed, Psystar admits that Apple can
lawfully license its software for use only on non-Apple hardware. (Psystar Br. at 3.) While
Psystar's brief has a footnote citing a few early antitrust cases, it makes no effort whatsoever to
introduce evidence that Apple has acted in any anticompetitive way because there is no such
evidence. (Psystar Br. at 21, n. 7.) This Court already rejected Psystar's antitrust allegations,
stating: "Apple asks its customers to purchase Mac OS knowing that it is to be used only with
Apple computers. It is certainly entitled to do so." Apple Inc. v. Psystar Corp., 586 F. Supp. 2d
1190, 1201 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (also available at Docket No. 33 at 14).
Rather, it appears Psystar is arguing that Apple has misused its copyrights by filing this
lawsuit and "continu[ing] to prosecute" allegedly invalid copyright infringement and DMCA
claims. (Psystar Br. at 22; 23-24). Psystar cites several cases, none of which support this baseless
assertion and all of which are factually distinguishable. See Altera Corp. v. Clear Logic, Inc., 424
F.3d 1079, 1090 (9th Cir. 2005) (finding copyright misuse defense could not apply where the
plaintiff had not asserted copyright infringement claims); Assessment Techs. of WI LLC v.
WIREdata, Inc., 350 F.3d 640, 647-648 (7th Cir. 2003) (finding copyright misuse when plaintiff
asserted copyright infringement against defendant for seeking access to public data that was not
copyrighted); Qad, Inc. v. ALN Assoc., Inc., 770 F. Supp. 1261, 1267-1270 (N.D. Ill. 1991), aff'd
974 F.2d 834 (7th Cir. 1992) (finding copyright misuse when the plaintiff alleged copying of
software that it had copied itself and in which it had no rights); Schloss v. Sweeney, 515 F. Supp.
2d 1068, 1079-81 (N.D. Cal. 2007) (refusing to grant motion to dismiss claim for copyright
misuse when defendant had no copyrights in medical records and other materials).
A29
17
As demonstrated above, Apple's copyright and DMCA claims are meritorious and their
filing cannot constitute copyright misuse. To the contrary, Apple has a constitutional right to
enforce its copyrights in federal court unless the lawsuit is both objectively baseless and filed for
an improper purpose. Prof'l Real Estate Investors v. Columbia Pictures, 508 U.S. 49, 60-61, 113
S. Ct. 1920, 1928 (1993); Freeman v. Lasky, Haas & Cohler, 410 F.3d 1180, 1183-85 (9th Cir.
2005). Psystar makes no attempt to prove either that this lawsuit is a sham or was filed for an
improper purpose, and it is not. Therefore, this lawsuit itself cannot be the basis for a claim of
copyright misuse.A30
E. Psystar Fails To Establish Any Defense To Apple's DMCA Claims
To succeed on its DMCA circumvention (section 1201(a)(1)) and trafficking (sections
1201(a)(2) and 1201(b)) claims, Apple need only show that its technological protection measures
prevent access to or copying of copyrighted material (here, Mac OS X) and that Psystar's
circumvention technology facilitates access to or copying of the software. Davidson & Assocs. v.
Jung, 422 F.3d 630,640 (8th Cir. 2005); Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429, 441
(2d Cir. 2001); RealNetworks" Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n, _ F. Supp. 2d _, 2009 WL
2475338 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 11, 2009); 321 Studios v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc., 307 F.
Supp. 2d 1085, 1094 (N.D. Cal. 2004). As set forth more fully in Apple's Motion for Summary
Judgment, the facts entitling Apple to prevail on its DMCA claims are not in dispute. (Apple's
Summary Judgment Br. at 22-25.) Apple embeds a "key" within its hardware that unlocks
encrypted code and permits Mac OS X to boot up and run, measures very similar to those taken by
the entertainment industry to prevent films and video games from being accessed on unauthorized
platforms. See, e.g., Davidson, 422 F.3d at 640-41 (CD key embedded in online video game
18
software was effective because it prohibited the games from playing on unauthorized web
servers); Corley, 273 F.3d at 444 (encryption technology with decryption keys embedded in
approved DVD player hardware prevented users from viewing the DVD "on a competing
platform"); RealNetworks, 2009 WL 2475338, at *62 (DVD decryption prevented copying or
playing DVDs on an unauthorized "hard drive or portable drive"). Psystar has violated the
DMCA because it has used and distributed software code, [redacted]
thus enabling the installation and
copying of Mac OS X on unauthorized hardware.
1. Psystar Concedes The Facts Establishing Its Liabilty Under The
DMCA
Psystar concedes the technical facts underlying Apple's DMCA claims, and admits that
Apple utilizes a technological measure that "includes decryption keys embedded in Apple
hardware and used to decryt certain critical OS X Leopard software programs." (Psystar Br. at
13.) Psystar further admits the effectiveness of the Apple's lock and key mechanism, by
acknowledging that if the programs "cannot be decryted, and therefore executed, the user cannot
access the graphical user interface of OS X Leopard and other features of the operating system."
(Id. at 14.) Psystar argues that Apple's expert, John Kelly, has "clearly described" the
"mechanism that Psystar uses to run OS X Leopard on non-Apple hardware" which "circumvents
Apple's technological protection measure." (Id.)
2. Psystar's Legal Arguments Under The DMCA Are Unavailng
Despite these dispositive concessions, Psystar tries to evade the DMCA by arguing, first,
that Psystar does not "facilitate infringement" (Psystar Br. at 16-19); and, second, that Apple's
protection is ineffective because "instructions" for writing a program that decrypts the code may
be available on the Internet. (Id. at 19-20.) Each argument misstates both the law and the facts.
As a matter of law, Apple need not prove copyright infringement to succeed on its
circumvention and trafficking claims. See 17 U.S.c. § 1201; Universal City Studios, Inc. v.
Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d 294, 329 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (overriding concern of the DMCA was
"promoting the distribution of copyrighted works in digital form while at the same time protecting
19
those works from piracy and other violations of the exclusive rights of copyright holders")
(emphasis added). It is irrelevant whether downstream customers use the trafficker's technology
to engage in infringing or, instead, "fair use" of the copyrighted work. See RealNetworks, 2009
WL 2475338, at *27 ("Fair use is not a defense to trafficking in products used to circumvent
effective technological measures that prevent unauthorized access to, or unauthorized copying of,
a copyrighted work"); 321 Studios, 307 F. Supp. 2d at 1097 ("the downstream uses of the software
by the customers of 321, whether legal or ilegal, are not relevant to determining whether 321
itself is violating the statute"); Sony Computer Entm't Am., Inc. v. Divineo, Inc., 457 F. Supp. 2d
957, 965 (N.D. Cal. 2006) ("downstream customers' lawful or fair use of circumvention devices
does not relieve (defendant) from liability for trafficking in such devices under the DMCA"); see
also Corley, 273 F.3d at 443.
Requiring DMCA plaintiffs to prove copyright infringement would render the DMCA
superfluous and negate the very protections the statute was intended to promote. Apple need only
establish that its technological protection measures guard material that is "reasonably related" to
the interests that the Copyright Act was intended to protect. See Chamberlain Group, Inc. v.
Skylink Techs., Inc., 381 F.3d 1178, 1195 (Fed. Cir. 2004).A31 Apple's protections undoubtedly
relate to interests protected by the Copyright Act because Mac OS X is a copyright-protected
work.
Psystar's emphasis on Lexmark illustrates the profound differences between that case and
Apple's claims. Mac OS X - which is filled with expressive content - could not be more different
than the simple code in Lexmark that merely checked the source of a printer cartridge. The
Lexmark court emphasized this important distinction: "Unlike the code underlying video games or
DVDs, 'using' or executing the Printer Engine Program does not in turn create any protected
expression." Lexmark, 387 F.3d at 548; see also Chamberlain, 381 F.3d at 1199 (noting that in
cases finding a DMCA violation, "the access alleged in all three cases was intertwined with a
20
protected right."). Like video games and movies, executing Apple's Mac OS X creates myriad
forms of protected expression, including a complex user interface and a variety of extraordinarily
creative utilities and programs. Thus, Apple's circumvention technology advances the DMCA's
goals of protecting copyrighted expression in "its most natural sense." Lexmark, 387 F.3d at 547;
see also Davidson, 422 F.3d at 629-30 (affirming summary judgment for DMCA plaintiff and
distinguishing Lexmark).A32
Psystar also argues that the DMCA was intended to prevent "piracy," and that Apple, in
order to succeed on a DMCA claim, would have to establish that its technological protection
measures were designed to prevent someone from physically reproducing DVDs containing Mac
OS X. (Psystar Br. at 16.) But courts have refused to import any such requirement into the
DMCA. 321 Studio, 307 F. Supp. 2d at 1096 (rejecting argument that because the circumvention
technology worked only with the "original DVDs," there could be no DMCA violation).
Psystar quotes Apple testimony in an attempt to create confusion over whether the Apple
encrypted binaries are access protections intended to prevent the use of Mac OS X on non-Apple
hardware or copy protections intended to prevent duplication. This is an irrelevant distinction
because both are entitled to DMCA protection. Compare 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a) (access protections)
and 17 U.S.C. § 1201(b) (copy protections); see Corley, 273 F.3d at 440-441. Furthermore,
Apple's technological protection measures are both access and copy controls because the purpose
and function of Apple's access-protection is to prevent unauthorized installation and running (i.e.,
copying) of Mac OS X on non-Apple hardware. See 321 Studios, 307 F. Supp. 2d at 1097 (though
defendant was "technically correct that CSS controls access to encrypted DVDs, the purpose of this
access control is to control copying of those DVDs, since encrypted DVDs cannot be copied unless
they are accessed"). While Mac OS X's protection mechanisms may not technically prevent the
literal duplication of the media (a futile act for the user if the software will not run on a computer),
they nonetheless stop copyright infringement by preventing the unauthorized installation and use
(and therefore access and copying) of
Mac OS X. Davidson, 422 F.3d at 640-41.
21
3. Apple's Technological Protection Measures Are Effective
Psystar's remaining argument that Apple's technological protection measures are not
"'effective" because of
the alleged availability on the Internet of information related to decoding
the mechanism, fails as a matter of law. Courts have rejected this very argument as "spurious,"
since any technological protection measure necessarily must have been defeated before a DMCA
claim can be asserted. See Corley, 273 F.3d at 441-42; Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d at 318 (noting
that it would "gut the statute" if the "use of
the word 'effectively' means that the statute protects
only successful or efficacious technological means of controlling access"). A security measure is
"effective" if "its function is to control access" and "in the ordinary course of its operation," the
protection mechanism prevents access to a copyrighted work. 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(3)(B);
Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d at 318.A33 To determine effectiveness, courts look to the technology's
operation "at the level of
the ordinary consumer." RealNetworks, 2009 WL 2475338, at *17.
Even widespread publication on the Internet of
keys to decode the protections does not deprive the
copyright owner of
the DMCA's legal protections.A34
Apple employs a highly secure type of protection technology, [redacted]
(Kelly Decl. ¶ 11.) But what
matters more than the details of Apple's particular encryption scheme is the dispositive fact that in
the ordinary course of operation, Apple's technological protection measures prevent the ordinary
consumer from installing or running Mac OS X on non-Apple hardware. RealNetworks, Inc.,
2009 WL 2475338, at *17 (test for effectiveness is whether the measure is effective against the
22
"ordinary consumer" or "average consumer"); Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d at 318 (finding a 40-bit
encryption key embedded within authorized hardware effective); Pearl Inv., LLC v. Standard I/O,
Inc., 257 F. Supp. 2d 326, 350 (D. Me. 2003); 321 Studios, 307 F. Supp. 2d at 1095. Apple's
witnesses testified without contradiction that Apple's technological protection mechanisms
function to protect access to Mac OS X and prohibit installation on non-Apple hardware. Indeed,
Psystar's own pleadings concede this.35 (Am. Countercl. ¶¶ 33,37-38; Psystar Br. at 16-17).
F. Psystar Has Not Proven Nominative Fair Use Of Apple's Famous Trademarks
Psystar briefly mentions in its "Summary of Argument" section (Psystar Br. at 4) - though
without offering any supporting evidence or law - that its use of Apple's trademarks and trade
dress constitutes nominative fair use. Psystar has the burden to produce evidence in support of its
motion for summary judgment. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317,323 (1986); Nissan
Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Co., 210 F.3d 1099, 1102-03 (9th Cir. 2000). Thus, to sustain its
nominative fair use defense on summary judgment, Psystar was required to submit evidence that
(1) it used Apple's trademarks to describe Apple's product and not Psystar's products, (2) the
product referred to by Psystar "must not be readily identifiable without use of the mark," (3)
Psystar used "only so much of the mark... as is reasonably necessary to identify the product" and
(4) Psystar did "nothing that would, in conjunction with the mark, suggest sponsorship or
endorsement by the trademark holder." Horphag Res. Ltd. v. Pellegrini, 337 F.3d 1036, 1041 (9th
Cir. 2003). Having submitted no evidence whatsoever on this issue, Psystar's motion on the
trademark claims must be denied. Apple can defeat the motion for summary judgment "without
producing anything."A36 Nissan Fire, 210 F.3d at 1103; see also Id. at 1107 ("(A) nonmoving party
23
has no obligation to produce anything until the moving party has carred its initial burden of production.A37
G. Apple's Remaining Claims Are Not Moot
1. Damages
Psystar is correct that Apple intends to seek disgorgement of Psystar's il-gotten gains from
its breach of Apple's SLA. However, Psystar's understanding of California law is wrong;
California permits recovery of defendant's unjust enrichment for breach of contract. Ajaxo Inc. v.
E*Trade Group, Inc., 135 Cal. App. 4th 21, 55 (Cal. App. 2005). As in Ajaxo and the federal
court cases that have applied Ajaxo, Psystar has benefitted by taking from Apple rights for which
it has not bargained, and which Apple has not granted, and has thus become unjustly enriched.
Martone v. Burgess, No. 08-2379,2008 WL 3916022, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2008) (restitution
an available remedy for breach of contract and for theft of trade secrets); Foster Poultry Farms,
Inc. v. Suntrust Bank, No. 04-5513, 2008 WL 160960, at *49 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 14, 2008) ("Under
California law, disgorgement of improperly obtained profits is a remedy for breach of a contract
protecting trade secrets and proprietary confidential information."). Because Apple is entitled to
recovery of the amount by which Psystar has been unjustly enrched, Apple's damages claims are
not mooted by Psystar's willingness to stipulate to the award of nominal damages.
2. Apple Is Entitled To A Permanent Injunction
Despite its assertion that it has not infringed Apple's copyrights, Psystar concedes that it
would submit to an "appropriately tailored injunction." (Psystar Br. at 4.) Psystar states that such
24
an injunction should be limited to "Psystar's allegedly illegal activities involving OS X Leopard"
. . . and "[s]ince neither Psystar nor Apple sells OS X Leopard any longer, it is no great burden for
Psystar to agree to an injunction." (Id.) Apple agrees that a permanent injunction is appropriate in
this case, but an injunction limited to Mac OS X Leopard is manifestly insufficient, would not
alleviate the irreparable harm that Apple suffers as a result of Psystar's infringement, and could
encourage more infringement of Apple's copyrighted software by parties other than Psystar.
Apple is therefore entitled to broad permanent injunctive relief.
The law is clear: Apple is entitled to injunctive relief broad enough to protect it from
continuing or recurring infringement. 17 U.S.C. § 502(a) ("injunction terms must prevent or
restrain infringement of a copyright"); 15 U.S.C. § 1116 ("injunction must prevent the violation of
any right of the registrant of a mark"). Psystar has advertised that regardless of this lawsuit, it
plans to continue sellng computers that infringe Mac OS X. Therefore, in order to ensure that
Apple's copyrights are no longer infringed and to avoid the harm that Apple will necessarily suffer
if Psystar is not stopped, the Court should permanently enjoin Psystar from selling its computers
with any version of Mac OS X or other Apple software for the following reasons.
First, if Psystar is not permanently enjoined from copying, modifying, and distributing
Mac OS X, it will essentially be granted a de facto compulsory license to continue these activities.
"In the copyright realm, it has been said that an injunction should be granted if denial would
amount to a forced license to use the creative works of another." See SimplexGrinell LP v.
Integrated Systems & Power, Inc., _ F. Supp. 2d _, 2009 WL 857504, at *23 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.
31, 2009) (quoting Silverstein v. Penguin Putnam, Inc., 368 F.3d 77, 84 (2d Cir. 2004)); see also
A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1029 (9th Cir. 2001) (rejecting compulsory
royalties and issuing injunctive relief because "[p]laintiffs would lose the power to control their
intellectual property").A38
25
Second, Apple's integrated business model will be severely undermined if Psystar is not
permanently enjoined from infringing Apple's copyrights and circumventing its technological
protection measures. Nothing else will stop Psystar from continuing to sell unauthorized copies of
Apple software on non-Apple computers. There is litte doubt that Psystar will use each release of
a new version of Mac OS X as a new opportunity to mass reproduce and distribute unauthorized
copies of Apple software. And, if the Court declines to grant a permanent injunction, other
software pirates, like Psystar, wil argue that by simply purchasing a retail DVD version of Mac
OS X, they too are entitled to mass produce and sell software that Apple has spent many years and
hundreds of milions of dollars developing.
Third, the continued association of Apple with Psystar's problem-ridden computers and
business practices will seriously damage Apple's brand, reputation and goodwill. MDY Indus.,
LLC v. Blizzard Entm't, Inc., 616 F. Supp. 2d 958, 974 (D. Ariz. 2009) (citing Rent-A-Center, Inc.
v. Canyon Television & Appliance Rental, Inc., 944 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 1991) ("[I]ntangible
injuries, such as damage to ongoing recruitment efforts and goodwill, qualify as irreparable
harm."); MySpace, Inc. v. Wallace, 498 F. Supp. 2d. 1293, 1305 (C.D. CaL. 2007) ("Harm to
business goodwill and reputation is unquantifiable and considered irreparable.")
Fourth, there is compelling evidence that Psystar will not be able to pay any statutory
damages resulting from Psystar's copyright infringement and DMCA violations - another factor
courts consider when determining whether to grant injunctive relief. Metro-Golden-Mayer
Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 518 F. Supp. 2d 1197, 1217 (C.D. Cal. 2007). Psystar has already
filed for bankruptcy once during the course of this litigation. See In re Psystar Corp., Case No.
09-19921 (S.D. Fl. 2009). Moreover, there is evidence of continuing third party infringement due
to Psystar's induced and contributory infringement of Apple's copyrights. Such inducement
"'greatly erodes [plaintiffs'] ability to enforce their exclusive rights." Grokster, 518 F. Supp. 2d. at
1217 (citing A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1029). Indeed, "the very need to file multiple
lawsuits as a consequence of [Psystar' s] inducement is itself supportive of an irreparable harm
26
finding." Grokster at 1219. The facts in this case clearly support the need for a broad permanent
injunction enjoining Psystar's copyright infringement and DMCA violations.39
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, as well as those set forth in Apple's Motion for Summary
Judgment, Psystar's Motion for Summary Judgment should be denied in its entirety.
DATED: October 22, 2009
Respectfully submitted,
TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW LLP
By: /s/ James G. Gililand, Jr.
JAMES G. GILLILAND, JR.
Attorneys for Plaintiff and Counterdefendant
APPLE INC.
A1 Kelly Decl. ¶¶ 22-24; Chung Decl. Ex. 3 (Benavides Dep.) at 30:17-31:11; Ex. 8 at 89:19- 91 :20. This is not the copy of the software on the Retail DVD Version. (Boroumand Smith Decl.
Ex. 1 (Roberto Pedraza Dep.) at 61 :5-22.) Whenever possible Apple wil refer to, and rely upon,
evidence submitted with its own Motion for Summary Judgment, including the Declaration of
John P. Kelly ("Kelly Decl.") and the Declaration of Megan Chung ("Chung Decl.") and the
exhibits and testimony included with those declarations. Any additional evidence submitted in
further opposition to this motion is attached to the Declaration of Mehmaz Boroumand Smith in
Opposition to Psystar's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Boroumand Smith Decl.").
A2 Psystar admits that it has made at least three "master copies," and Apple's expert has
identified five distinct master copies. Chung Decl. Ex. 25. (Psystar's Responses to Court-Ordered
Interrogatories 1-15) at Nos. 13-14; Kelly Decl. ¶¶ 15, 18, 25 and Table 2.
A3 Kelly Decl. ¶¶ 22-26; Chung Decl. Ex. 9 at 91: 18-93: 17.
A4 Kelly Decl. ¶ 28; Chung Decl. Ex. 18, Psystar Supp. Responses to Nos. 94-95.
A5 Kelly Decl. ¶ 20. For a detailed description of Psystar's process, please see Apple's Motion
for Summary Judgment at pages 7-9 and the referenced exhibits and testimony. The versions of
Mac OS X loaded onto the many Psystar computers Dr. Kelly has examined have been different
from the Retail DVD Version Psystar ships with those computers. Kelly Decl. ¶¶ 25-26; Chung
Decl. Ex. 68.
A6 Kelly Decl. ¶¶ 4, 18; Chung Decl. Ex. 9 at 21 :24-23:13; Ex. 23 at No. 10 (Psystar claims it
"develop[ed] technology that would allow the Mac OS to run on a hardware platform other than
that of an Apple-Labeled Computer Hardware System."); Exs. 51-54.
A7 Psystar repeatedly cites Dr. Kelly's expert report, but fails to provide the relevant portions of
that report to the Court. The sections of Dr. Kelly's report, cited by Psystar in its brief, are
submitted as Exhibit 2 to the Boroumand Smith Declaration.
A8 Kelly Decl. ¶ 27a; Chung Decl. Ex. 5 at 98:11-23; Ex. 9 at 62:22-64:3.
A9 Chung Decl. Ex. 15 at 150:6-10; Kelly Decl. ¶ 17.
A10 Chung Decl. Ex. 5 at 98:11-23; Kelly Decl. ¶¶ 17 (Table 3), 27a.
A11 Kell Decl. ¶¶ 27(b)-(e), (Table 4). Chun Decl. Ex. 24 at No. 21 [redacted]
A12 Boroumand Smith Decl. ¶¶ 4-6 & Exs. 3-5; Chung Decl. Ex. 50.
A13 Boroumand Smith Decl. ¶¶ 8-9 & Ex. 7. For example, 25% percent of
all text ad impressions
used the headline of "$554 OSX Leopard Computer." Leopard® is Apple's registered trademark.
Id. at Ex. 7.
A14 Boroumand Smith Decl. ¶¶ 8, 10 & Ex. 7. This "OpenMac" URL was seen over 3.8 milion
times according to the data produced by Psystar from Google's AdWords program. Id., Ex. 7.
A15 See, for example, "http://www.psystar.com/why_buy_a_used_apple_computer.html" or
"http://www.psystar.com/looking_to_get_an_apple_computer.html." Boroumand Smith Decl.
¶¶ 10-11 & Ex. 8.
A16 Boroumand Smith Decl. Exs. 5, 7-9, 10 at RFA Response Nos. 142-46, 148-52, 158.
A17 Boroumand Smith Decl. ¶ 19.
A18 The Mac OS X SLA specifically provides that "Upon the termination of
this License, you
shall cease all use of the Apple Software and destroy all copies, full or partial, of the Apple
Software." Chung Decl. Ex. 26 ¶ 5.
A19 The court in Vernor found that under Wise, "the critical factor" in determining whether a
transaction is a sale or a license is "whether the transferee kept the copy acquired from the
copyright holder." 555 F. Supp. 2d at 1170. The Vernor court failed to note, however, that the
court in Wise cited a case where although there was no requirement that the purchaser of certain
film prints and negatives return the materials, "the agreement on its face [was] clearly a license."
Wise, 550 F.2d at 1189 (discussing Hampton v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 279 F .2d 100 (9th Cir.
1960)).
A20
Neither did the agreement in Vernor. There was a type of destruction provision but "the
decision to accept Autodesk's destruction requirement [was] entirely in the control of the
licensee." Vernor, 2009 WL 3187613 at *7. Apple's licenses do not provide this freedom when
its licensee's rights are terminated.
A21 Psystar has not produced, either in discovery to Apple or in support of
this motion, evidence
that supports this assertion. Indeed the documents produced in discovery indicate that far fewer
Mac OS X DVDs were acquired by Psystar than computers it sold. Boroumand Smith Decl. ¶ 14.
A22 Psystar has waived section 117 as an affirmative defense because it did not plead the defense
in its Answer. Jorst v. D'Ambrosio Bros. Inv. Co., No. C00-03646, 2001 WL 969039, *9 (N.D.
Cal. Aug. 13, 2001) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)); see also In re Adbox, Inc., 488 F.3d 836, 841 (9th
Cir. 2007). Although the Court, in its discretion, may permit a defendant to raise an unpleaded
defense, the Court should do so only "where the delay does not prejudice the plaintiff." Jorst,
2001 WL 969039, at *9. Because the parties have proceeded through extensive litigation
"including the depositions of multiple witnesses" and dispositive motion practice, Apple will be
prejudiced if Psystar is permitted to raise a new, untimely defense. Id. Accordingly, Psystar
should not be permitted to assert a section 117 defense. Certainly Psystar cannot obtain judgment
in its favor based upon a defense that it never pleaded.
A23 Even if section 117 somehow applied to Psytar's mass reproduction and sale of Mac OS X (and it does not), Psystar itself admits that the hard drive imaging step is not "essential" for
Psystar's purposes. Rather, as Psystar states: "it's a time" issue, i.e., a matter of convenience.
Chung Decl. Ex. 9 at 89:9-23.
A24 See Evolution, Inc. v. SunTrust Bank, 342 F. Supp. 2d 943, 957 (D. Kan. 2004) ("add[ing]
desired features" is an adaptation and is not permitted when for commercial purposes); CONTU
Report, at 13 (adaptations include: converting from one computer language to another language
and "add[ing] features to the program that were not present at the time of rightful acquisition").
A25
Chung Decl. Ex. 48.
A26 The legislative history and the case law are clear. See CONTU Report, at 13 ("[Adaptation]
rights would necessarily be more private in nature than the right to load a program by copying it
and could only be exercised so long as they did not harm the interests ofthe copyright
proprietor."); Midway, 564 F. Supp. at 745 (software modified or adapted under section 117
cannot be transferred); cf. Aymes v. Bonell, 47 F.3d 23, 26 (2d Cir. 1995) (section 117 adaptation
can be made only for "internal business needs" and cannot be transferred without express
authorization.); Stuart Weitzman, LLC v. Micro Computer Res., Inc., 510 F. Supp. 2d 1098, 1109
(S.D. Fla. 2007), vacated on other grounds, 542 F.3d 859 (11th Cir. 2008) (the "right to modify or
add features to the copy" exists "so long as the modifications do not disrupt [copyright holder's]
interests as the purported copyright proprietor in the [copyrighted software].").
A27 [redacted]
A28 Declaration of John P. J. Kelly Ph.D. in Opposition to Psystar's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Kelly Decl."), ¶ 2.
A29 Psystar also refers to the Lasercomb, Practice Management and Alcatel cases - all of which
involved license agreements that, unlike the one at issue here, limited competition and restrained
the development of creative works. (Psystar Br. at 22.) None of these cases supports Psystar's
argument that Apple has engaged in copyright misuse by fiing meritorious copyright infringement
and DMCA claims against Psystar. All three of these cases are distinguishable. See Lasercomb
Am., Inc. v. Reynolds, 911 F.2d 970, 978-79 (4th Cir. 1990) (copyright misuse found where license
agreement prohibited defendant, its directors, officers and employees from assisting in any manner in the development of any kind of CAD software for 99 years); Practice Mgmt. Info. Corp., v. Am.
Medical Ass'n, 121 F.3d 516, 520-21 (9th Cir. 1997) (copyright misuse found where license
agreement was conditioned on agreement that licensee could use only licensor's coding system);
Alcatel USA, Inc. v. DGI Tech, Inc., 166 F.3d 772, 792-94 (5th Cir. 1999) (copyright misuse found
where plaintiff asserted its copyright to prevent competition where customers were locked into a
single supplier).
A30 Apple's Motion for Summary Judgment addresses other possible Psystar arguments, all of
which fail to establish anything approaching copyright misuse under the law. (See Apple's
Summary Judgment Br. at 17-19.)
A31 See S. Rep. No. 105-190, at 12 (1998). ("The prohibition in 1201(a)(1) is necessary because
prior to this Act, the conduct of circumvention was never before made unlawfuL. The device
limitation in 1201(a)(2) enforces this new prohibition on conduct. The copyright law has long
forbidden copyright infringements, so no new prohibition was necessary. The device limitation in
1201 (b) enforces the longstanding prohibitions on infringements.") (emphasis added).
A32 Furthermore, contrary to Psystar's argument, a DMCA plaintiff
need not show that the
protection mechanism itself is copyrighted, only that the material behind the protective mechanism
is protected.
A33 The legislative history specifically states that "measures that can be deemed to 'effectively
control access to a work' would be those based on encryption, scrambling, authentication, or some
other measure which requires the use of a 'key' provided by a copyright owner to gain access to a
work." H.R. Rep. No. 105-551, pt. 2, at 39 (1998) (emphasis added). This is exactly what Apple
does: Mac OS X requires a key and Apple provides this key to those who are authorized to use it.
A34 See Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp.2d at 317-18 (finding "indefensible as a matter of law" the
argument that an encryption key was not effective because it was being distributed online); see
also 321 Studios, 307 F. Supp. 2d at 1095 (this would be "equivalent to a claim that, since it is
easy to find skeleton keys on the black market, a deadbolt is not an effective lock to a door");
Divineo, 457 F. Supp. 2d at 965 ("The fact that circumvention devices may be widely available
does not mean that a technological measure is not, as the DMCA provides, effectively protecting
the rights of copyright owners 'in the ordinary course of its operation.'").
A35 Psystar, in a half-hearted attempt to create evidence to defeat Apple's claims submitted a
half-page ambiguous, conclusory declaration from its CEO (a) attaching what is purported to be
lines of code available on the Internet, (b) stating that the CEO "compiled and ran" that code, and
(c) concluding that the CEO believes anyone could compile and run the code. (Psystar's Ex. I.)
Setting aside the lack of foundation, authentication, or admissibility of the purported evidence, it is
not at all clear what the declaration and attached documents (two of which were never produced in
discovery) are intended to show. They certainly do not contradict all the evidence in the record -
including Psystar's own statements - that Apple's security mechanism wil prevent the average
consumer from accessing and installing Mac OS X in the ordinary course of operation. (Chung
Decl. Ex. 66 at PS006530, PS006532.) Indeed, Psystar's CEO testified that it took him a couple
of months to create the circumvention technology and other necessary modifications to Mac OS X.
(Boroumand Smith Decl. Ex. 11 at 27:9-18, 41:12-42:9.)
A36 Psystar's unsupported allegations of course cannot be the basis for summary judgment. See Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1044 (9th Cir. 1989).
A37 Apple has ample evidence disproving Psystar's nominative fair use defense. First, Psystar
used Apple's trademarks and trade dress to describe Psystar's products, not Apple's products, in
its advertisements, especially in light of Psystar's modifications to Apple's Mac OS X operating
software. (See Boroumand Smith Decl. ¶¶ 4-7, Exs. 3-6.) Second, Psystar could have advertised
its computers without showing Apple's trade dress and trademarks, like other computer
manufacturers who do not show Microsoft's operating system on their computers. (See id. ¶ 16,
Ex. 12-13.) Third, there is genuine issue as to whether Psystar used only so much of the mark as is
reasonably necessary. (See id. ¶¶ 4-7, Exs. 3-6.) Fourth, Apple will introduce survey evidence at
trial which establishes that Psystar's use of Apple's trademark and trade dress causes consumers to
think that Apple has given its permission to, or sponsored, Psystar. (See id. ¶ 17, Ex. 14.) When
such factors are in dispute, the Ninth Circuit has refused to affirm summary judgment. Downing
v. Abercrombie & Fitch Co., 265 F.3d 994, 1009 (9th Cir. 2001); Abdul-Jabbar v. Gen. Motors
Corp., 85 F.3d 407,413 (9th Cir. 1996); see also Horphag, 337 F.3d at 1041.
A38 There is no support for Psystar's notion that Apple is somehow less entitled to a permanent
injunction because it did not seek a preliminary order. PGBA v. U.S., 389 F.3d 1219, 1232 (Fed.
Cir. 2004) stands only for the non-controversial proposition that the lower court in that case did
not err in withholding injunctive relief. Apple is entitled to injunctive relief. There is no support
for Psystar's notion that, because Apple did not move for a preliminary injunction, it is any less
entitled to a permanent one.
A39 Moreover, there is a presumption of irreparable harm once a trademark owner establishes a
likelihood of confusion. Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Moose Creek, Inc., 486 F.3d 629, 634 (9th
Cir. 2007). Here Apple's uncontested survey evidence is clear; both Psystar's marketing of its
computers running Mac OS X and the computers themselves are likely to confuse consumers into
thinking that Apple is a sponsor of, or affiliated with, Psystar computers. Boroumand Smith Decl.
Ex. 14.
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**********************
PSYSTAR CORPORATION'S
OPPOSITION TO APPLE'S MOTION
TO SEAL APPLE'S MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT
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Psystar opposes Apple's request that the motions for summary judgment in this case, and the
exhibits on which they are based, be filed under seal.
A. No "Compelling Reason" Exists To Seal The Dispositive Motions
None of the materials in either party's motion for summary judgment contains anything
approaching the type of sensitive material for which the courtroom can be sealed in the context of a
dispositive motion or at trial. See Kamakana v. Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172 (9th Cir. 2006). When this
Court granted the joint request for a protective order governing confidentiality designations in this
case, it expressly stated that it was granting that request "subject to the following conditions,
including adherence to the recently announced strict caution against sealing orders by the Ninth
Circuit." Order Approving Stipulated Protective Order Subject to Stated Conditions (Docket No. 55)
at 2.
The fourth condition that this Court imposed stated in full:
In Kamakana v. Honolulu, 447 F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 2006), the Ninth Circuit held
that more than good cause, indeed, "compelling reasons" are required to seal
documents used in dispositive motions, just as compelling reasons would be
needed to justify a closure of a courtroom during trial. Otherwise, the Ninth Circuit
held, public access to the work of the courts will be unduly compromised. Therefore,
no request for a sealing order will be allowed on summary judgment motions (or other
dispositive motions) unless the movant first shows a "compelling reason," a
substantially higher standard than "good cause." This will be true regardless of any
stipulation by the parties. Counsel are warned that most summary judgment motions
and supporting material should be completely open to public view. Only social
security numbers, names of juveniles, home addresses and phone numbers, and trade
secrets of a compelling nature (like the recipe for Coca Cola, for example) will qualify.
If the courtroom would not be closed for the information, nor should any summary
judgment proceedings, which are, in effect, a substitute for trial. Motions in limine are
also part of the trial and must likewise be laid bare absent compelling reasons. Please
comply fully. Noncompliant submissions are liable to be stricken in their entirety.
Order at 2 (italics in original, other emphasis added). This condition makes clear that summary-judgment motions and supporting materials should be completely open to public view, except in the
rarest circumstances -- for example, if "the recipe for Coca Cola" were at issue.
The argument and evidence that Apple would have this Court seal falls far short of the
standard for closing the courtroom. The technological methods and other supposed trade secrets
2
described in the sealed portions of Apple's motion for summary judgment have already been
described in documents publicly available on the Internet. See Ex. C. People have been building
"Hackintosh" computers, that is, non-Apple computers that run Mac OS X, for years. As a result,
any number of publicly accessible websites describes in detail the Apple technology that is at issue
in this case. We compiled Exhibit C in about ten minutes using a few simple Google searches. It
provides a list of several web sites [redacted]
3
[redacted]
Apple cannot even claim to be unaware of this publicly available information. [redacted]
4
[redacted]
Most of the remaining material redacted by Apple pertains to information provided by
Psystar -- which does not believe that this information warrants sealed filings in the context of a
dispositive motion. Apple is attempting to hide evidence from the public in complete disregard of
the applicable standards, in just the same way it designated whole swathes of documents and entire
deposition transcripts as confidential or attorneys' eyes only throughout this litigation. Apple
designated literally every word in every deposition of an Apple witness as at least "confidential" and
in almost all cases "attorneys' eyes only."
Apple cannot claim that it was unaware of this Court's order regarding sealing of dispositive
motions (as Apple has claimed it simply "forgot" about other court orders before). On October 7,
Psystar informed Apple by email of the order and that, pursuant to it, Psystar intended to file its
entire motion and supporting exhibits publicly. See Ex. A. This email was a follow-up on earlier
discussions between counsel for Psystar and counsel for Apple at which counsel for Apple stated that
they did not believe that there was any special order applicable to motions for summary judgment as
distinguished from trial. Counsel for Apple replied the next day that it would regard any filing by
Psystar of material designated confidential or attorneys' eyes only as "a violation of [the Protective
Order] subject to a motion for contempt." See Ex. B. Faced with this threat, Psystar redacted its
motion and exhibits and filed a motion to seal in which it requested that this Court deny its motion to
seal and allow its entire motion for summary judgment to be placed in the public record. See Docket
5
No. 179.
This case pits the efforts of one company to dictate every aspect of the use of its technology
against a much smaller company that defends itself on the law. The public has a right to understand
and a strong interest in understanding the facts and circumstances leading to the final rulings of this
Court. Many people wonder how far a large company's power extends when it wields the saber of
late-twentieth-century intellectual-property law. This Court's answers, and the arguments and
evidence on which they are based, should be a matter of public record.
B. This Court Should Strike Apple's Motion For Summary Judgment In Its Entirety As A
Sanction For (Yet Again) Flouting A Court Order.
The parties were warned when the original protective order was approved:
Please comply fully. Noncompliant submissions are liable to be stricken in their
entirety.
Order at 2. Such a sanction might be harsh were this Apple's first and only violation. But it is not.
Throughout this litigation, Apple has taken a cavalier attitude towards the Rules of Civil Procedure
and this Court's orders. As this Court will recall:
1. Apple wholly ignored its obligation to produce documents as kept in the ordinary
course of business or organized by document request, relying on an agreement between
counsel that Apple could not produce, that former counsel for Psystar has said in
writing never existed, and for which there was no written evidence at all.
2. Apple failed to disclose a key witness, Jacques Vidrine, the head of OS X Security,
whose declaration Apple then relied on in support of its motion to enjoin the Florida
case, in blatant violation of a Court Order issued less than 10 days earlier barring
Vidrine from this case entirely.
3. Apple agreed to provide a witness, Phil Schiller, to testify about damages; at his
deposition, Mr. Schiller refused to testify about this subject at all, even though Apple
had agreed to the deposition on that topic and had not moved for any protective order in
advance of the deposition.
To this list of violations already presented, we can now add two more. Judge Zimmerman
ordered Apple to serve on Psystar a demand including calculation of attorneys' fees 14 days before
the settlement conference last week. On the fourteenth day, no demand arrived. Two days later,
6
counsel for Psystar reminded counsel for Apple of the need for a demand. Counsel for Apple replied
that he simply "forgot" the order. Two more days passed before Apple sent a demand to Psystar.
And when Apple sent its demand, it served Psystar with the confidential portion of its demand,
despite an order form Judge Zimmerman that Apple serve this portion only on him and not on
Psystar. It is as though Apple couldn't be bothered to look at Judge Zimmerman's order at all.
And now we have the issue described in this opposition: Again, Apple blatantly disregarded
an Order of this Court, this time to the prejudice not only of Psystar but also of the large and very
interested public that is following this case. Psystar respectfully requests that this Court de-designate
all redacted materials in Apple's motion for summary judgment, deny Apple's motion to seal, and
order that the unredacted version of Apple's motion and all supporting materials be placed in the
public file. Psystar further submits that it would be entirely appropriate for this Court to make good
on its promise that "noncompliant submissions . . . be stricken in their entirety."
Dated: October 12, 2009
Respectfully submitted,
CAMARA & SIBLEY LLP
By: /s/ K.A.D. Camara____________________________
K.A.D. Camara
Attorneys for Defendant / Counterclaimant
Psystar Corporation
7
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*************************************
APPLE INC.'S REPLY IN SUPPORT OF
ITS MOTION TO SEAL PORTIONS OF
APPLE'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY
JUDGMENT, PORTIONS OF THE
LYNDE DECLARATION, THE KELLY
DECLARATION AND EXHIBITS 3-16,
23, 41, 62-64 AND 69
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I. INTRODUCTION
Psystar has unlawfully circumvented the security mechanism in Apple's Macintosh
computers and its Mac OS X operating system software. Now Psystar wants to use the judicial
process by which Apple has acted to halt this illegal conduct to reveal Apple's proprietary security
mechanism to the world. But the "compelling reasons" required by the Ninth Circuit justify
sealing that information: revealing it would cause competitive harm to Apple and chill use of the
judicial system to stop violations of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"). This Court
can fully resolve the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment without public disclosure of the
detailed operation of Apple's security mechanism. Apple believes that it is important that the
public be aware of the outcome of the lawsuit. However, it is not necessary to disclose details of
Apple's security mechanism to achieve that. The need for public access can be satisfied here by
the same methods used by many other federal courts in DMCA cases generally describing the
technological protection measure in dispute, explaining the legal reasoning and outcome, but not
revealing the details of the technological protection measure.
Apple invited Psystar to meet and confer about which evidence and briefing should be
filed under seal and which need not be. As a result, the parties have narrowed the scope of their
dispute. All that remains at issue here is the question whether documents that reveal the
technological protection measure and other proprietary technology1 in Mac computers and Mac
OS X must be publicly disclosed. Apple contends this evidence properly has been filed under
seal; Psystar still does not agree.
Like many other technology companies, Apple uses encryption as a lock and key
mechanism designed to restrict access to its copyrighted work, Mac OS X. Psystar asks that the
Court require Apple to publicly disclose the details regarding its implementation of its encryption
method and Psystar's circumvention of that lock and key mechanism. There is no need to do this,
and only harm can result. The public can easily understand the judicial proceedings taking place
1
between Apple and Psystar without learning the implementation details of Apple's technological
protection measure or its other proprietary technology. The relevant facts needed to understand
the significance of this case are that Apple uses an encryption method and Psystar has found a way
to circumvent it. Publishing the encryption scheme and the circumvention method in the Court's
files will simply invite others to engage in the same unlawful conduct.
II. THE EVIDENCE TO BE FILED UNDER SEAL
Many of the documents, and much of the testimony Apple initially filed under seal were
designated by Psystar as either Confidential or Highly Confidential. Although it never removed
the confidentiality designations on this information, Psystar now contends that it "does not believe
that this information warrants sealed filings in the context of a dispositive motion." (Opp. at 5.)
Accordingly, Apple has agreed with Psystar through the meet and confer process that most of the
Psystar testimony and documents will be filed publicly.2 As a result, the only information Apple
seeks to file under seal either reveals Apple's technological protection measure or other
proprietary technology or discloses Psystar's methods for circumventing those protections.
Apple has never publicly disclosed how its technological protection measure works.
Indeed, the information is only disseminated on a need-to-know basis even within Apple. Thus,
over the course of this litigation and in its summary judgment filing, Apple has designated all
testimony from its witnesses or analysis from its technical experts regarding its technological
protection measure (including Chung Declaration Exs. 4, 6-7, and 12-16 and the Kelly
Declaration) as Highly Confidential. Psystar contends it is possible to find bits and pieces of this
information on the Internet. But the notion that third parties may have guessed Apple's secrets
does not deprive Apple's information of its trade secret or confidential status. Nor has Psystar
shown that an ordinary consumer could find, understand or use whatever information is publicly
available to successfully circumvent Apple's protection measures.3 Indeed, there is as much mis-
2
information available on the Internet as information and no means for an ordinary consumer to
distinguish between them. Using the Court system to reveal the specifics of Apple's security
mechanism is exactly the type of "improper purpose[]" the Ninth Circuit has stated outweighs any
interest served by publishing such information. Kamakana v. City and County of Honolulu, 447
F.3d 1172, 1179 (9th Cir. 2006). This type of disclosure should not be permitted by the Court.
III. ARGUMENT
A. Apple Meets the "Compelling Reasons" Standards in Kamakana
"In Kamakana ... the Ninth Circuit held that more than good cause, indeed, 'compelling
reasons' are required to seal documents used in dispositive motions, just as compelling reasons
would be needed to justify a closure of a courtroom during trial." (Order Approving Stipulated
Protective Order Subject To Stated Conditions, Docket No. 55 at 2.) "Under the 'compelling
reasons' standard, a district court must weigh relevant factors, base its decision on a compelling
reason, and articulate the factual basis for its ruling without relying on hypothesis or conjecture."
Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass'n, 565 F.3d 1106, 1116 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal citations omitted).
"Relevant factors include the public interest in understanding the judicial process and whether
disclosure of the material could result in improper use of the material for scandalous or
libelous purposes or infringement upon trade secrets." Id. at 1116 n.6 (internal citation omitted
and emphasis added.).
In this case, there are compelling reasons why the details of Apple's security mechanism
and Psystar's circumvention of it should not be publicly disclosed. Apple has spent hundreds of
millions of dollars writing and refining the best computer operating system in the world and
integrating it with computers that are easy to use and reliable. Apple has created the technological
protection measure at issue in order to prevent unauthorized access to, copying of, and use of its
copyrighted Mac OS X software. In order to protect Apple's reputation for extraordinary, high-quality, products, and to ensure its customers have a uniformly excellent experience with its
computers, Mac OS X is licensed only for use on Apple hardware.
Similarly, details relating to parts of the Mac OS X software referred to as System Integrity
Checks should not be publicly disclosed. Although not part of Apple's technological protection
3
measure, these checks help verify that Mac OS X is running on the hardware for which it was
designed. Details regarding these checks are considered Apple trade secrets and are not publicly
disclosed. Disclosure would harm Apple and is not necessary to provide the public with an
understanding of the proceedings in this case.
Requiring Apple to publicly disclose the trade secret details of how it technically limits its
software to its hardware and how those restrictions can be disabled would directly undermine
Apple's business model in a case where the legality of Psystar's evasion of those very limitations
is the central issue. Indeed, disclosing this information would provide the public with specific
details of how a user might evade Apple's limitations, thereby enabling the type of behavior that
this lawsuit seeks to stop. Preventing the disclosure of information that invites the public to
infringe Apple's rights is exactly the type of compelling reason for filing under seal approved by
the Ninth Circuit in Kamakana.
B. The Merits of this Case Can Be Presented to the Public Without Disclosing
the Details Of Apple's Technological Protection Measure or Psystar's
Circumvention
Many courts already have confronted the exact issue presented here how to render a
decision and judgment providing useful public guidance when the claim at issue is circumvention
of a security mechanism in violation of the DMCA. Those same courts frequently have
considered precisely the same argument made here by Psystar, the notion that the circumvention
technology and/or public speculation regarding the protection technology is available on the
Internet to those who know where to look. Uniformly, courts that have addressed encryption,
decryption and decryption "keys" under the DMCA have thoroughly addressed the merits of the
case publicly while carefully not disclosing the technical details of the technological protection
measure ("TPM") at issue even where the TPM allegedly is "broadly" available on the Internet.
No court has disclosed the precise technical details of the TPM or the specifics of the decryption
keys. See, e.g., RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Ass'n, __ F. Supp. 2d __, 2009 WL
2475338, at *3 and *17 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 11, 2009) (describing the TPM as, "at its core, an
encryption-based system that employs an algorithm configured by a set of security 'keys' to
encrypt," but not disclosing the technical details, even though the TPM and the keys had "been
4
compromised by hackers and made available on the Internet"); 321 Studios v. MGM Studios, Inc.,
307 F. Supp. 2d 1085, 1089 (N.D. Cal. 2004) (noting that the keys "are broadly available on the
Internet" but not disclosing them); Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429, 437 (2d
Cir. 2001) (noting that the keys are kept "confidential" and not publishing them in the opinion
despite widespread knowledge of the keys on the Internet); Universal City Studios, Inc. v.
Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d 294, 310 (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (describing the TPM as a "decryption
algorithm that employs a series of keys stored on the DVD and the DVD player," but not
publishing the technical details, even though the technical details and keys were available on the
Internet). These decisions establish that the public can be fully informed without disclosing
Apple's Highly Confidential information.
Most instructive are rulings from this summer, in RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control
Ass'n,, supra, where Judge Patel reviewed a number of motions to seal filings and exhibits used in
a five-day hearing on a preliminary injunction motion brought by the DVD Copy Control
Association (the developer of the encryption system used on DVDs, and the movie studios that
depend on that protective measure). The parties sought to seal, among other documents, the
Motion for Preliminary Injunction, as well as forty-three (43) exhibits admitted for use in the five-day hearing, asserting the existence of "compelling reasons" under Kamakana. Reply Decl. of J.
Oblak in Support of Administrative Motion to Seal at ¶¶ 2-3, Exs. A and B. Notably, the
encryption system at issue, referred to as CSS, had been hacked, and the encryption keys made
available on the Internet, at least nine years ago. RealNetworks at *17; Universal City Studios, F.
Supp. 2d at 315, 318. Nonetheless, Judge Patel granted those motions to seal. Id. at ¶¶ 4-5, Exs.
C and D. See __ F. Supp. 2d __, 2009 WL 2475338 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 11, 2009).
Here there is some limited information relating to Apple's technological protection
measures on the Internet, less than that which was at issue in RealNetworks. There is also a fair
amount of mis-information on the Internet. Certainly the public at large does not know the details
of Apple's technological protection measure or how Psystar has circumvented it. This information
and the details provided to the Court by Apple regarding its security mechanism is not and does
not need to be disclosed to allow the public to understand and/or participate in this case.
5
C. Apple Has Met and Conferred With Psystar and Narrowed The Scope of
Information that Should Be Filed Under Seal
As stated above, since receiving Psystar's opposition and learning that Psystar no longer
believes the confidentiality designations it assigned to Psystar's documents and testimony are
warranted, Apple has met and conferred with Psystar. The parties have agreed that the following
information will now be filed publicly: (1) Portions of Apple's Motion for Summary Judgment
that discuss Psystar's imaging of its computers; (2) Portions of the Kelly Declaration that discuss
Psystar's imaging of its computers and general technology background; (3) Par. 11 of the
Declaration of Matthew Lynde; and (4) Chung Declaration Exs. 3, 5 (portions), 8, 9, 10, 11
(portions), 23, 41, and 62-64. The remaining Psystar testimony and documents discuss Psystar's
circumvention of Apple's technological protection measures including source code for one of the
decryption files used by Psystar. That information should be filed under seal.
Additionally, Apple has determined that certain testimony from Apple witnesses that does
not relate to its security mechanism can also be publicly disclosed. This information is found in
Chung Decl. Exs. 4 (Culbert Dep.) at 43-45, 49-52, 68, 89-91, Ex. 6 (Mansfield Dep.) at 9-13, 23-26, 37:1-19, 38:5-25, Ex. 7 (Patience Dep.) at 115-117, Ex. 12 (Schiller Dep.) at 9-11, 14-20, 24-25, Ex. 13 (Van Vechten Dep.) at 26, 60, 62-65, Ex. 14 at 6, 15 and 16, and Ex. 15 at 95-105. The
remaining testimony from Apple witnesses details Apple's technological protection measures or
other Apple proprietary technology and should remain under seal.
As set forth in detail in Exhibit E to the Reply Declaration of Jeb Oblak in Support of
Apple's Motion to Seal, the information that is now the subject of Apple's Administrative Motion
to file under seal consists of: (1) limited portions of Apple's Motion for Summary Judgment
relating to Apple's technological protection measure and Psystar's circumvention, (2) limited
portions of the Kelly Declaration relating to Apple's technological protection measure and
Psystar's circumvention, (3) limited portions of deposition testimony attached as Exs. 4-7, 11, 14
and 15 of the Chung Declaration regarding Apple's technological protection measure and other
6
proprietary technology and Psystar's circumvention, and (4) Exhibit 69 of the Chung Declaration
containing source code for a Psystar decryption file.4
D. Psystar's Request That Apple's Motion for Summary Judgment Be Stricken
Is Baseless and Should Be Denied
Psystar's contention that Apple's motion for summary judgment should be stricken is
baseless. Psystar's patch-work quilt of arguments regarding prior discovery rulings adds nothing
to its contentions. This Court is well aware of its own rulings and knows that the only litigant in
this matter that has been sanctioned for discovery abuse is Psystar. Psystar understandably may
wish to avoid having the Court consider Apple's Motion for Summary Judgment on the merits, but
there is no factual or legal basis to do so.5
IV. CONCLUSION
Psystar does not seek to inform the public; rather, it seeks to compromise the technical
details of Apple's encryption mechanism by disclosing them to the public as part of this lawsuit.
Apple has presented compelling reasons why documents and testimony regarding Apple's security
mechanism and proprietary technology and Psystar's circumvention of those measures should be
filed under seal. Consequently, Apple respectfully requests that the Court grant its motion to seal:
(1) limited portions of Apple's Motion for Summary Judgment relating to Apple's technological
protection measure and Psystar's circumvention, (2) limited portions of the Kelly Declaration
relating to Apple's technological protection measure and Psystar's circumvention, (3) limited
portions of deposition testimony attached as Exs. 4-7, 11, 14 and 15 of the Chung Declaration
7
regarding Apple's technological protection measure and other proprietary technology and
Psystar's circumvention, and (4) Exhibit 69 of the Chung Declaration containing source code for a
Psystar decryption file.
DATED: October 14, 2009
Respectfully submitted,
TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW LLP
By: /s/ James G. Gilliland, Jr.
JAMES G. GILLILAND, JR.
Attorneys for Plaintiff and Counterdefendant
APPLE INC.
______________________
1
The specific items that are no longer in dispute are set forth in Section III(C), infra.
2 As is clear from Mr. Pedraza's declaration (Opp., Ex. D), there is nothing simple about
following the instructions to find the key to decrypt Apple's encrypted files. Although a computer
programmer like Mr. Pedraza who already knows what he is looking for may find information
about Apple's security mechanism on the Internet, that alone is not enough to defeat the protection
mechanism. Significant additional programming must be done to achieve that result.
3
In addition to the information relating to the technological protection measure in Mac
computers and Mac OS X, Apple also seeks to limit disclosure of details regarding other
technology embedded in Mac OS X software referred to as Systems Integrity Checks. This
proprietary information constitutes Apple trade secrets and should not be disclosed.
4 Apple has also included for the Court's convenience, the portions of Psystar's Motion for
Summary Judgment and related exhibits that it believes should be filed under seal. See Oblak
Reply Decl. Ex. E.
5
Psystar's statements regarding the timing of service of Apple's settlement demand is also
irrelevant. The parties exchanged all required documents well in advance of the Settlement
Conference and participated in the Conference with Magistrate Judge Zimmerman, but were
unable to settle the case.
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