IBM has registered nine new copyrights, including IBM Linux Kernel Support for JFS. They registered on February 2, 2004. They show up in a list in the new Second Amended Counterclaims in IBM's Eighth Counterclaim, beginning with paragraph 154. This obviously gives them the right to sue for damages. You'll enjoy reading about IBM's knockout blow here.
If you wish to compare the prior version, it is here. The PDF of this document is here. This is still a rough draft, and normally I wouldn't put it up until it was finished, but the copyright news is significant enough that it seemed worthwhile showing them to you immediately. I have marked all the significantly new material in red text. I'm working mighty fast, and I have to stop now to get some paid work done by noon, but then I'll come back and finish. Or likely some of you may wish to finish it and make a note of further changes. A special thanks to jkondis for the text version to work from.
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SNELL & WILMER LLP
Alan L. Sullivan (3152)
Todd M. Shaughnessy (6651)
[address, phone, fax]
CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler (admitted pro hac vice)
David R. Marriott (7572)
[address, phone]
Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
THE SCO GROUP, INC., a Delaware
corporation,
Plaintiff/Counterclaim-Defendant,
-against-
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
MACHINES CORPORATION, a New York
corporation,
Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff,
|
COUNTERCLAIM-PLAINTIFF
IBM'S SECOND AMENDED
COUNTERCLAIMS
AGAINST SCO
JURY TRIAL DEMANDED
Civil No. 2:03CV-0294 DAK
Honorable Dale A. Kimball
Magistrate Judge Brooke C. Wells
|
For its counterclaims herein, counterclaim-plaintiff International Business
Machines Corporation ("IBM"), by and through its attorneys, upon personal knowledge as to its
own actions and upon information and belief as to the actions of counterclaim-defendant The
SCO Group, Inc. ("SCO"), avers as follows:
NATURE OF COUNTERCLAIMS
1. These counterclaims arise from SCO's efforts wrongly to assert
proprietary rights over important, widely-used technology and to impede the use of that
technology by the open-source community. SCO has misused, and is misusing, its purported
rights to the Unix operating system developed originally by Bell Laboratories, then a research
and development arm of AT&T Corp., to threaten destruction of the competing operating
systems known as AIX, Dynix and Linux, and to extract windfall profits for its unjust
enrichment.
2. IBM's counterclaims also arise from SCO's infringement of IBM
copyrights and patents. Although SCO purports to respect the intellectual property rights of
others -- and has instituted litigation against IBM for alleged failures with respect to SCO's
purported rights -- SCO has infringed and is infringing a number of IBM copyrights and
patents.
JURISDICTION AND VENUE
3. This Court has jurisdiction over IBM's counterclaims pursuant to 28
U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332(a)(l), 1338(a) and (b), 1367, 2201(a) and 2202 and 15 U.S.C. §
1125(a)(l).
4. The Court has diversity and supplemental jurisdiction over IBM's state
law claims. The parties have complete diversity of citizenship, and the amount in controversy
exceeds $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs. IBM's Lanham Act, copyright and patent
claims arise under federal law.
5. Venue is proper in this district, with respect to IBM's counterclaims,
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391(b), 1391(c), and 1400(a) and (b).
PARTIES
6. Counterclaim-plaintiff IBM is a New York corporation with its principal
place of business in the state of New York.
7. Counterclaim-defendant SCO is a Delaware corporation with its principal
place of business in Utah County, Utah.
BACKGROUND
A. Unix
8. Unix is a name used to characterize a family of operating systems that
share common characteristics and meet certain well-publicized "UNIX" standards. The earliest
Unix operating system was built by software engineers at Bell Laboratories, the research division
of AT&T.
9. Over the years, AT&T Technologies, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of
AT&T, and its related companies licensed Unix operating systems, such as the version known as "UNIX System V", for widespread enterprise use.
AT&T's Unix software has been licensed to many thousands of persons or entities.
10. In 1993, AT&T sold its Unix assets -- then held by its subsidiary, Unix
System Laboratories, Inc. ("USL") -- to Novell, Inc. ("Novell"). In 1995, Novell sold some, but
not all, of its Unix assets to The Santa Cruz Operation, Inc., now known as Tarantella, Inc.
("Original SCO"), which is not affiliated with counterclaim-defendant SCO.
11. Counterclaim-defendant SCO played no role in the development of Unix.
But it purports to have acquired Original SCO's rights to Unix in 2001. Based upon the rights it
purports to have acquired from Original SCO, SCO has undertaken the scheme described herein.
B. IBM and Unix
12. In the mid-1980s, IBM acquired broad rights to use Unix System V software
pursuant to a series of agreements with AT&T Technologies. These agreements, referred to
as the "AT&T Agreements", include the Software Agreement (Agreement Number
SOFT-00015) dated February 1, 1985, the Sublicensing Agreement (Agreement Number
SUB-00015A) dated February 1, 1985, the Substitution Agreement (Agreement Number
XFER-000l5B) dated February 1, 1985, the letter agreement dated February 1, 1985, and the
Software Agreement Supplement 170, as amended by a letter agreement dated on or about
January 25, 1989. Copies of these agreements are attached hereto as Exhibits A - F, respectively.
13. In connection with the proper exercise of these and other rights previously
obtained by IBM with respect to Unix, IBM began development of its own version of a Unix
operating system, called AIX. Over the last two decades, IBM has expended tremendous
resources on developing AIX, creating millions of lines of original code, incorporating it into its
product lines and licensing the technology to thousands of customers worldwide. IBM continues
to do so today.
14. On October 17, 1996, after Novell and Original SCO acquired AT&T's rights to UNIX, IBM obtained additional rights with respect to UNIX System V software. Pursuant to an agreement known as Amendment X, entered into by IBM, Novell and Original SCO, IBM acquired, for example, the "irrevocable, fully paid-up, perpetual right to exercise all of its rights" under the IBM Agreements. A copy of this agreement is attached hereto as Exhibit G.
15. Like IBM, Sequent Computer Systems, Inc. ("Sequent") acquired broad rights to use AT&T's UNIX System V software pursuant to a series of agreements with AT&T Technologies in the mid-1980s. These agreements, referred to as the "Sequent Agreements", include the Software Agreement (Agreement Number SOFT-000321) dated April 18, 1985, the Sublicensing Agreement (Agreement Number SUB-000321A) dated January 28, 1986, and the Substitution Agreement (Agreement Number XFER-000321B) dated January 28, 1986. Copies of these agreements are attached hereto as Exhibits H-J, respectively.
16. Sequent also developed a version of a Unix operating system known as Dynix in connection with the proper exercise of its rights under these and other agreements with respect to UNIX System V. IBM acquired Sequent by merger in 1999.
C. Linux
17. Linux is an operating system that stems from a rich history of
collaborative development. Linux is a dynamic and versatile operating system and is, for many,
the operating system of choice.
18. The development of Linux began when an undergraduate student at the
University of Helsinki, by the name of Linus Torvalds, set out to create a new, free operating
system. In 1991, Linus Torvalds began developing the Linux kernel, the core of the operating
system, and posting news of his project to internet newsgroups, along with a call for volunteers
to assist in his efforts.
19. With the internet providing for a distributed collaboration, other
programmers joined to create code making up the kernel. Linus Torvalds directed the
collaboration to a version 1.0 release of the Linux kernel in 1994.
20. In the years that followed, thousands of developers, including developers
at IBM, contributed to the further development of Linux. Version 2.4 of the Linux kernel was
released in 2001. IBM owns valid copyrights in its contributions to Linux, as illustrated below.
21. The first commercial distribution of Linux was introduced in 1994 by Red
Hat. Thereafter, other distributors, including SCO, introduced a number of commercial Linux
products, which typically comprise the Linux kernel, the applications that the kernel runs (which,
with the kernel, comprise a complete operating system) and whatever else the distributor chooses
to combine into an easily installable product.
D. Open-Source Software and the GPL
22. Linux is open-source software. Open-source software is free in the sense
that it is publicly available, royalty free, and users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute,
study, adapt, and improve the software.
23. Whereas traditional software licenses often reflect legal limitations
restricting the use and reproduction of original works, the open-source community has taken a
different approach to licensing. The open-source community, including SCO, resolved to license
Linux so as to keep the source code publicly available. Due to the open-source nature of Linux,
anyone can freely download Linux and many Linux applications and modify and re-distribute
them with few restrictions.
24. There are a variety of open-source licenses, but the most popular is the
GNU General Public License (the "GPL"), a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit K. The
Linux kernel, and significant portions of the larger Linux operating system, are distributed under
the GPL.
25. In fact, one of the most important decisions Linus Torvalds made was to
develop the Linux kernel under the GPL and keep the source code freely distributable so others
could build upon, modify, and develop programs for the operating system.
26. Whereas the licenses for most software are programs designed to limit or
restrict a licensee's freedom to share and modify it, the GPL is intended to guarantee a licensee's
freedom to share and modify open-source software.
The GPL applies to any program whose authors commit to using it.
27. The GPL is designed to make sure that a licensee has the freedom to
distribute copies of open-source software, to receive source code or to get it if the licensee so desires, to modify the software or use pieces of it in new free programs, and to know the licensee can do these
things.
28. The Linux kernel is subject to the GPL as it is comprised of programs and
other works that contain notices placed by contributing copyright holders permitting distribution
under the terms of the GPL. The Linux developers' public agreement to apply GPL terms
expresses in a binding legal form the conscious public covenant that defines the open-source
community -- a covenant that SCO itself supported as a Linux company for many years.
29. SCO accepted the terms of the GPL by modifying and distributing Linux
products. By distributing Linux products under the GPL, SCO agreed, among other things, not
to assert -- indeed, it is prohibited from asserting -- certain proprietary rights over any
programs distributed by SCO under the terms of the GPL. SCO also agreed not to restrict further
distribution of any programs distributed by SCO under the terms of the GPL.
E. SCO's Business
30. SCO was founded as Caldera, Inc. in 1994, approximately 25 years after
the beginning of the development of Unix and three years after Linus Torvalds began the
development of Linux, to develop Linux-based business solutions. In 1998, Caldera, Inc. sold its
assets relating to its business of developing and marketing Linux to Caldera Systems, Inc., a
newly formed corporation.
31. SCO began its business as a developer and distributor of the Linux
operating system. By 2001, according to SCO, it led the world's largest Linux channel with
more than 15,000 resellers worldwide.
32. SCO has developed and marketed software based on the Linux operating
system and provided related services that enable the development, deployment and management
of Linux-specialized servers and internet access devices that simplify computing. According to
SCO, it was one of the first companies to tailor Linux open-source code from various sources
into discrete commercial products.
33. Specifically, SCO has distributed and/or redistributed a number of Linux
products, including SCO Linux server, SCO OpenLinux Server, and SCO OpenLinux
Workstation. SCO has also distributed SCO Volution Manager, a web-based management
solution system for managing and maintaining established versions of Linux (as well as Unix
operating systems). Although SCO purported to suspend its Linux distribution after the
commencement of this action, SCO has continued to make Linux source code available for
download through its website.
34. The viability of SCO's product offerings has depended in large measure
upon the efforts of the open-source community in enhancing products and making them
compatible for use across multiple software and hardware platforms. Indeed, SCO incorporated
certain code licensed pursuant to the GPL into its proprietary Unix products. SCO has also
relied on independent developers in the open-source community, such as Linus Torvalds, in
order to release upgrades of SCO's Linux-based products.
35. In addition to distributing Linux products, SCO facilitated the adoption of
Linux by providing education programs designed to help its customers to develop, deploy and
administer Linux systems. Furthermore, SCO joined with other Linux vendors in UnitedLinux,
an initiative to streamline Linux development and certification around a global, uniform
distribution of Linux for business.
36. On May 7, 2001, Caldera Systems was merged into Caldera International,
Inc. (described below), which changed its name to The SCO Group, Inc. in May 2003.
F. SCO's Open-Source Activities
37. Until it undertook the scheme described herein, SCO supported the
open-source community. According to SCO, it fully embraced the open-source model.
38. SCO Linux products encompass a range of software that uses a number of
different licensing schemes, including open-source licenses and, in particular, the GPL.
Components of SCO's Linux products (such as OpenLinux), including the Linux kernel, have
been developed and made available for licensing under the GPL and similar licenses, which
generally allow any person or organization to copy, modify and distribute the software, without
royalty, in any form, including source code.
39. Due to the open-source nature of many of SCO's software products and
the licenses under which it has developed and distributed them, SCO's collection of trademarks
constitutes its most important intellectual property.
40. At least until it undertook the scheme described herein, SCO contributed
tools and technology to the open-source community. For instance, SCO incorporated open-
source components in its product offerings to the betterment of its products, and gave away
CD-ROMs containing its Linux operating system at trade shows and allowed it to be freely
downloaded over the internet to encourage interest.
41. In addition, SCO fostered, and regularly contributed to, multiple open-source
development projects in order to enhance the capability of SCO's products and services.
In fact, SCO's business model depended upon incorporating contributions from the open-source
community into products that it open sourced.
42. SCO also fostered and supported the development of additional open-source
and Linux enhancements through the Open Source Development Lab and through
participation as a key member of many industry standard and open-source initiatives.
G. IBM and Linux
43. IBM is a participant in the open-source movement and has made a
substantial investment in Linux business efforts over the last 5 years. IBM participates in a
broad range of Linux projects that are important to the company and contribute to the
open-source community.
44. Today, IBM has many Linux-related offerings: mainframes and servers
that run Linux; memory solutions for Linux environments; a broad range of software offerings;
services that include deployment of Linux-based e-business environments, migration of database
applications and data to Linux systems, support for Linux-based cluster computing, server
consolidation, and a 24-hour technical engineering support line. IBM has created a Linux Center
of Competency that offers Linux training and support, applications testing, technical advice and
a hands-on environment in which to evaluate Linux and Linux-based applications.
45. Like thousands of other developers, IBM has properly contributed source
code to Linux under the GPL. In fact, SCO has included IBM contributions to Linux in Linux
products that SCO has distributed under the GPL. IBM is entitled to the protections of the GPL with respect to the IBM contributions,
as well as any other contributions included in SCO's Linux distributions, of which IBM is a
recipient.
46. IBM also uses and reproduces Linux itself, both in developing and providing hardware, software and services, and for other, internal business purposes.
47. IBM's employees use and reproduce Linux in designing, testing and implementing hardware, software and consulting products for the company's internal use, for sale to its customers and for contribution to the open source community. IBM's engineers, developers, and consultants are trained to design, operate and implement products and systems that work with Linux. IBM personnel use and reproduce Linux in the course of this training.
48. Many IBM employees already use and reproduce Linux as their platform for day-to-day business computing, such as word processing, spreadsheets and e-mail.
H. Failure of SCO's Business
49. Although it completed an initial public offering, SCO has
failed to establish a successful business around Linux. SCO's Linux business has never
generated a profit. In fact, the company as a whole did not experience a profitable quarter until
after it abandoned its Linux business and undertook its present scheme to extract windfall profits
from Unix technology that SCO played no role in developing.
50. In an attempt to revive its faltering Linux business, SCO acquired rights to
Unix operating systems originally developed by Bell Laboratories and undertook the
unification of Unix and Linux operating systems. On May 7, 2001, Caldera Systems was
merged into Caldera International, Inc., a holding company formed to acquire the Server
Software and Professional Services divisions of Original SCO, including Original SCO's rights
to the Unix assets it acquired from Novell and the Unix variant developed by Original SCO.
51. Following its acquisition of Original SCO's Unix assets, SCO described
its business plan as being to integrate its Linux-based products and services with its Unix-based
products and services as a way of encouraging businesses to adopt the open-source, Linux-based
operating systems.
52. In pursuit of this strategy, SCO designed SCO Linux to permit existing
Unix-based users to migrate to Linux. In addition, SCO marketed and sold a number of Unix
products, including UnixWare, SCO OpenServer, Reliant HA, and Merge, and SCO's Global
Professional Services assisted customers in developing and deploying unified Unix and Linux
solutions through consulting and custom engineering services.
53. Like SCO's original Linux business, however, this enterprise failed. SCO
has not been able to operate a successful, legitimate business concerning Linux and/or Unix.
With apparently no other prospects, SCO shifted its business model yet again -- this time to
litigation and threats of litigation, as is described below.
I. SCO's Scheme
54. SCO devised a scheme to profit from the Unix assets that it acquired from
Original SCO, though those assets were in no way developed by SCO. Although most, if not all,
of the AT&T Unix technology that SCO purports to own is generally known, available without
restriction to the general public or readily ascertainable by proper means, SCO undertook to
create fear, uncertainty and doubt in the marketplace in regard to SCO's rights in and to that
technology.
55. Recognizing that there is little value in its Unix rights, SCO did not limit
its scheme to that technology. Rather, SCO devised and executed a plan to create the false
perception that SCO holds rights to Unix that permit it to control not only all Unix technology,
but also Linux -- including those aspects generated through the independent hard work and
creativity of thousands of other developers and long distributed by SCO itself under the GPL.
56. SCO undertook to carry out its scheme by, among other things, (a)
bringing baseless legal claims against IBM and threatening to sue other companies and
individuals, (b) conducting a far-reaching publicity campaign to create the false and/or
unsubstantiated impression that SCO has rights to Unix and Linux that it does not have and that
IBM and others have violated SCO's rights and (c) otherwise seeking to condition the market to
believe that SCO has rights to Unix and Linux that it does not have and cannot properly enforce.
J. SCO's Lawsuit and Threats
57. On March 7, 2003, without any prior notice or warning that would have
allowed IBM to understand SCO's claims and respond to them, SCO sued IBM alleging a host of
meritless claims. In its first Complaint, SCO principally alleged that IBM had misappropriated SCO's trade secrets in UNIX System V. SCO also alleged that IBM had breached its contractual obligations to
SCO by, among other things, incorporating and inducing others to incorporate SCO's intellectual
property into Linux, and that that IBM had competed unfairly and interfered with
SCO's contracts with others.
58. SCO submitted an Amended Complaint on July 22, 2003 and a Second Amended Complaint on February 27, 2004.
59. In its succession of complaints, SCO has asserted legal theories that are meritless , such as that SCO has ownership rights with
respect to all of the code in AIX and Dynix . SCO has also sought relief to which it is plainly not entitled, such as a
permanent injunction terminating IBM's ability to possess and use the software products it
licensed from AT&T Technologies, Inc., notwithstanding the fact that those rights are expressly
"irrevocable" and "perpetual".
60. SCO further persisted in maintaining for nearly a year the unsound claim that IBM had misappropriated its trade secrets. Yet when pressed to identify a single trade secret that IBM allegedly misappropriated, SCO could not, even after being ordered to do so by the Court. SCO finally (and properly) abandoned this claim, upon which SCO's entire lawsuit was initially premised, in its Second Amended Complaint.
K. SCO's Campaign of False Publicity to Disparage AIX, Dynix and Linux
61. Following the commencement of its lawsuit against IBM, SCO continued its campaign of falsehoods by further
misrepresenting to the market the interplay of UNIX, AIX, Dynix and Linux and SCO's and
IBM's rights to these products.
62. SCO has repeatedly made false public statements to the effect that it has
the right and authority to revoke, and has effectively revoked, IBM's right to use AIX, IBM's
version of Unix. For example, on May 12, 2003, Chris Sontag, a Senior Vice President of SCO,
stated publicly, SCO has "the right to revoke the AIX license", and on June 16, 2003, SCO
announced publicly that it had "terminated IBM's right to use or distribute any software product
that is a modification of or based on Unix System V source code". Indeed, in an interview given
by SCO CEO Darl McBride to Peter Williams of vnunet.com on June 25, 2003, SCO falsely
represented that its contractual rights to "pull" IBM's contract are "bullet-proof". SCO has made
similarly false statements relating to Dynix.
63. In addition to purporting to terminate IBM's rights to use AIX, SCO has also disparaged AIX as "unauthorized". In a press release dated June 16, 2003, SCO's counsel stated that "Today, AIX is an unauthorized derivative of the Unix
System operating system source code and its users are, as of this date, using AIX without a valid
basis to do so". In the same press release, Darl McBride, SCO's Chief Executive Officer, stated that "IBM no longer has the authority to sell or distribute AIX and customers no longer have the right to use AIX software". SCO has made similarly false and disparaging statements relating to Dynix.
64. SCO's false and misleading statements have not been limited to AIX. In flat contradiction of its allegations in its Second Amended Complaint (i.e., that this case is not about the relative merits of proprietary versus open-source software), SCO has now falsely stated, in effect, it owns and is entitled to collect royalties regarding Linux. For example, on July 21, 2003, McBride stated, on behalf of SCO, Linux infringes SCO's rights and, as "a viable alternative to legal enforcement" SCO is prepared to offer a license to SCO's UNIX products that would, SCO says, permit lawful use of Linux.
65. SCO has in fact commenced selling such "intellectual property licenses", which it falsely claims are necessary for the use of Linux. SCO has publicly touted its success in getting Linux users to sign these licenses with SCO in order to bolster its meritless claims that SCO possesses rights to Linux.
66. SCO's campaign has not been limited to press releases and public
interviews. SCO has also propagated falsehoods about its and IBM's rights in non-public
meetings with analysts. SCO has solicited and participated in these meetings to misuse analysts
to achieve wider dissemination of SCO's misleading message about UNIX, AIX and Linux and to
damage IBM and the open-source movement. In a luncheon hosted by Deutsche Bank analyst
Brian Skiba, on or about July 22, 2003, for example, SCO falsely stated that IBM transferred the
NUMA code from Sequent to Linux without any legal basis to do so and that IBM's actions were
giving rise to about $1 billion in damages per week. In an interview in June 2003 with Client
Server News, SCO misrepresented to analysts that IBM has improperly released "truckloads" of
code into the open-source community.
67. SCO's false and misleading statements have also damaged the reputation and prospects of the entire open-source community. SCO's misconduct undermines the substantial public interest in the provision of software that is reliable, inexpensive, and accessible by the general public.
L. SCO's Copyright Threats and Litigation Against IBM and Others
68. In furtherance of its scheme to disparage and falsely lay claim to Linux, SCO has made open threats to Linux users that SCO intends to pursue litigation against them, and has recently filed baseless copyright infringement claims against IBM and another alleged Linux user.
69. In May 2003, SCO first sent letters to 1500
of the world's largest corporations, including IBM , threatening litigation. In its letters, an example of which is
attached hereto as Exhibit L, SCO states, "We believe that Linux infringes on our Unix
intellectual property and other rights". SCO further states, "We intend to aggressively protect
and enforce these rights" against not only the companies involved with "the Linux development
process" but also "the end user" companies using any Linux technology.
70. SCO later made clear
that it intends to bring legal action against Linux end-users. For example, in a press conference on
July 21, 2003, SCO stated that purchasing a license from SCO was the "alternative to legal
enforcement against Linux end-users".
71. On November 18, 2003, during a teleconference sponsored by SCO, SCO's counsel said that it "will be looking to identify a defendant" in "the near term" and such defendant will be "a significant user that has not paid license fees and is in fact using the proprietary and copyrighted material". During the same call, SCO Chief Executive, Darl McBride was asked if the 1500 companies threatened earlier were the same group of companies that SCO would pursue. McBride responded: "We will start there. That's not going to be the ending point, but clearly large customers that have, that are using a lot of Linux machines inside of their environment would be the starting point for us."
72. Although its initial complaints against IBM did not include a claim for copyright infringement, SCO stated publicly after it filed its suit that IBM had infringed SCO's copyrights, and threatened to sue IBM for copyright infringement with respect to Linux. For example, at its 2003 SCO Forum conference, SCO represented to attendees, including press and financial analysts, that Linux is an unauthorized derivative of UNIX, that IBM had infringed its rights in Linux and that SCO was entitled to damages and injunctive relief against IBM.
73. At the December 5, 2003 hearing concerning discovery issues, SCO further represented to the Court that SCO would be filing a copyright infringement action against IBM "within the coming few days or no less than a week."
74. After making public its intent to sue IBM for copyright infringement on December 5, SCO also stepped up its threats directed at other Linux users.
75. On December 22, 2003, SCO announced in a press release that it had "commenced providing notification to selected Fortune 1000 Linux end users outlining. . . violations of SCO's copyrights contained in Linux". In connection with its December 22 press release, SCO released a letter (attached hereto as Exhibit M) dated December 19, 2003 that it sent to Linux users. In that letter, SCO wrote that "a portion of our copyrighted code . . . has been incorporated into Linux without our authorization" and that "use of the Linux operating system in a commercial setting violates our rights under the United States Copyright Act".
76. In remarks delivered at Harvard Law School on February 2, 2004, SCO CEO McBride stated that "on the copyright side and on the end user side, we'll be in a courtroom somewhere in America soon . . . " At the same event, McBride predicted that suits would be filed by mid-February, and a SCO executive, Christopher Sontag, who also attended, stated that SCO would "probably have an issue with" any entities using Linux "in a large commercial environment and getting a great deal of economic benefit of the use of some of our portions of our intellectual property."
77. Shortly thereafter, SCO moved for and obtained leave to add a copyright infringement claim against IBM. In the claim, SCO alleges that IBM has infringed, induced the infringement of, and contributed to the infringement of, numerous of the UNIX copyrights SCO claims to own, including through its activities relating to AIX, Dynix and Linux.
78. In particular, with respect to Linux, SCO alleges that "a significant amount of UNIX protected code and materials are currently found in Linux 2.4.x, 2.5.x and Linux 2.6.x releases in violation of SCO's contractual rights and copyrights" and that IBM's work, including at its Linux Technology Center, in using, reproducing and improving Linux therefore infringes, and contributes to the infringement of, SCO's UNIX copyrights.
79. SCO also recently filed suit against a Linux user, alleging that the use of Linux infringes copyrights SCO purports to hold to UNIX.
80. SCO' s complaint in that suit asserts that "Linux has been transformed from a non-commercial operating system into a powerful general enterprise operating system for which, as stated in its suit against IBM, SCO believes IBM is responsible.
81. SCO further claims that "parts or all of [SCO's copyrighted material] has been copied or otherwise improperly used as the basis for creation of derivative software code included (in) one or more Linux implementations, including Linux versions 2.4 and 2.6, without the permission of SCO". Again, as stated in its suit against IBM, SCO claims that IBM is responsible for such copyrighted materials being contributed to Linux.
82. SCO' s threats and its claims against IBM and other Linux users are meritless, and are simply part and parcel of SCO's illicit scheme to get Linux users to pay SCO for unneeded licenses to Linux.
M. Novell's Exercise of Rights
83. On June 9, 2003, in response to SCO's actions, and pursuant to its
obligations under Amendment X, Novell stated its belief that SCO has no right to terminate
IBM's Unix license which is perpetual and irrevocable. Novell therefore exercised its retained rights
to AT&T's UNIX System V to put a stop to SCO's misconduct. Under Section 4.16(b) of the Asset Purchase
Agreement between Novell and Original SCO dated September 19, 1995 ("APA"), attached
hereto as Exhibit N, Novell directed SCO to "waive any purported right SCO may claim to
terminate IBM's [Unix] licenses enumerated in Amendment X or to revoke any rights
thereunder, including any purported rights to terminate asserted in SCO's letter of March 6, 2003
to IBM". A copy of Novell's June 9, 2003 letter is attached hereto as Exhibit O.
84. When SCO failed to take the actions directed by Novell, on June 12 2003 Novell exercised its rights under Section 4.16(b) ofthe APA to waive and revoke, in SCO' stead, any purported right SCO claimed to terminate IBM' s licenses. A copy of Novell' June 12 2003 letter is attached hereto as Exhibit P.
85. Notwithstanding the fact that IBM' s rights to UNIX System V are expressly "irrevocable" and "perpetual" under Amendment X and the fact that Novell has exercised its right to waive, in any event, any contractual rights SCO claims IBM violated, SCO nevertheless purported to terminate IBM' s licenses on June 13 2003. Moreover, even assuming (contrary to fact) that IBM' s rights were terminable, at no time prior to SCO' s purported termination did SCO comply with its obligations under the IBM Agreements to identify the specific acts or omissions that SCO alleges constitute IBM' s breach, despite IBM' s demands that SCO do so.
86. Rather, SCO has continued to misrepresent that it can, or will, or has in fact revoked IBM' s right to use UNIX System V, without disclosing that IBM' s rights to UNIX System V are not terminable or that Novell has exercised its right to waive any contractual rights SCO claims IBM violated. In an interview with Information , 2003, for instance, SCO falsely stated that it has the right to revoke IBM' s license and order the destruction of every copy of AIX.
87. Novell additionally invoked its rights under Section 4.16(b) of the AP A to correct SCO's illogical and unsupported interpretation of the IBM Agreements and the Sequent Agreements upon which its breach of contract claims are based, and to explicitly waive and revoke any purported right SCO had to assert a breach based on this wrong interpretation.
88. On October 2003 Novell informed SCO by letter that its position that IBM original code contained in AIX "must be maintained as confidential and subject to use restrictions is contrary to the agreements between AT&T and IBM including Amendment X, to which Novell is a party". A copy of Novell's October 7, 2003 letter is attached hereto as Exhibit Q.
89. According to Novell, the IBM Agreements provide "a straightforward allocation of rights (1) AT&T retained ownership of its code from the Software Products ("AT&T Code ), and the Agreements' restrictions on confidentiality and use apply to the AT&T Code, whether in its original form or as incorporated in a modification or derivative work, but (2) IBM retained ownership of its own code, and the Agreements' restrictions on confidentiality and use do not apply to that code so long as it does not embody any AT&T Code. Novell concluded that any other interpretation "would defy logic as well as the intent of the parties".
90. Novell therefore directed SCO to waive any purported right to assert a breach of the IBM Agreements based on IBM' s use or disclosure of code that does not contain any of AT&T's UNIX System V code.
91. When SCO failed to follow Novell' s instruction, on October 10, 2003 Novell expressly waived and revoked any purported right of SCO's to assert a breach of the IBM Agreements based on IBM's use or disclosure of code that does not contain any UNIX System V code. A copy of Novell's October 10, 2003 letter is attached hereto as Exhibit R.
92. On February 6, 2004, Novell similarly directed SCO to waive any purported right to assert a breach of the Sequent Agreements based on IBM' s use or disclosure of code contained in Dynix that does not contain any UNIX System V code. February 6 2004 letter is attached hereto as Exhibit S.
93. In the letter, Novell reiterated that SCO' s interpretation of the Sequent Agreements, like its interpretation of IBM Agreements, was wrong and "plainly contrary to the position taken by AT&T, as author of and party to" such agreements.
94. When SCO failed to follow Novell' s instruction, on February 11 2004 Novell expressly waived any purported right of SCO's to assert a breach of the Sequent Agreements based on IBM's use or disclosure of code that does not contain any UNIX System V code. A copy of Novell's February 11, 2004 letter is attached hereto as Exhibit T.
95. Despite these proper instructions and waivers by Novell, SCO continues improperly to maintain that IBM has breached the IBM Agreements and the Sequent Agreements by contributing its original code to Linux.
96. In addition to its waivers of SCO's purported rights with respect to IBM Novell has additionally asserted publicly that it owns the copyrights for UNIX, and that SCO's registration of copyrights for UNIX was improper.
N. SCO's Refusal to Specify Its Claims
97. Rather than particularize its allegations of misconduct by IBM and others SCO has obfuscated and altered its claims to foster fear, uncertainty and doubt about its rights and the rights of others. In letters dated April 2, 2003, and May 5, 2003, attached hereto as Exhibits U and V, respectively, IBM expressly asked SCO to advise IBM as to what SCO contends IBM has done in violation of any of its agreements, and what SCO contends IBM should do to cure such violations. SCO refused. , SCO's counsel indicated, in an interview with Maureen O' Gara of LinuxGram, that it "doesnt want IBM to know what they (SCO' s substantive claims) are".
98. SCO has obfuscated its claims and has hidden its supposed evidence because the evidence does not demonstrate the breaches and violations that SCO has alleged. Moreover, key developers and influence leaders in the open-source community, including leaders of Linux kernel development, have stated publicly that they are prepared immediately to remove any allegedly offending material from the Linux kernel. Rather than permit remediation or mitigation of its alleged injuries (which are non-existent), SCO has declined to reveal the particulars of the alleged violations in order to artificially and improperly inflate the price of its stock.
99. While refusing to supply IBM with meaningful specifics regarding the alleged breaches, SCO has shown its purported evidence to analysts, journalists and others who are interested in seeing it. For example, at a forum held in Las Vegas on August 17- 2003 SCO made a false and misleading presentation concerning its claims against IBM, in which SCO purported to disclose examples of its evidence of alleged misconduct by IBM.
100. In light of SCO' s continuing refusal to provide detail regarding its claims IBM moved on October 1, 2003 to compel complete responses to IBM' s First Set of Interrogatories, and on November 6, 2003, to compel complete responses to IBM' s Second Set of Interrogatories. Even in the face of these motions, however, SCO continued to attempt to obfuscate its claims and hide its evidence.
101. IBM' s motions to compel were granted at a hearing on December 5, 2003.
102. Yet despite an Order directing SCO, among other things, to "identify and state with specificity the source code(s) that SCO is claiming form the basis of their action against IBM" by January 12 2004, SCO failed adequately to do so. In its supplemental responses purportedly submitted in compliance with the Order, SCO still failed to identify a single line of UNIX System V code that IBM allegedly misappropriated or misused.
103. In fact, finally realizing that it could no longer maintain the illusion that IBM had misappropriated its trade secrets, SCO dropped its trade secrets claim altogether. SCO continues, however, to press equally meritless contract and other claims against IBM, despite being unwilling to identify the UNIX System V code that IBM allegedly misused in violation of any agreement.
104. As a result of SCO's ongoing failure to be forthcoming regarding its claims against IBM, SCO was ordered on March 4, 2004 yet again to provide the specifics of its claims against IBM, this time by April 19, 2004.
105. In the meantime, by failing to disclose the particulars of its claims for more than a year, SCO has been able to cultivate and maintain in the marketplace fear uncertainty and doubt about its rights and the rights of others.
O. Effects of SCO' s Misconduct and State of Mind
106. As a result of the misconduct described above, SCO has not only artificially inflated its stock price and been unjustly enriched, but it has also injured IBM and more broadly, the open-source movement. SCO' s misconduct has resulted in damage to IBM' business, including its reputation and goodwill, has interfered with IBM' s prospective economic relations and has required IBM unduly to divert resources to respond to baseless allegations. SCO has injured the open-source movement, of which it was once a part, by fostering fear uncertainty and doubt about its and others' rights to use UNIX, AIX, Dynix and Linux.
107. SCO's misconduct is especially egregious because SCO has implemented its scheme with actual knowledge or in reckless disregard of the fact that SCO does not have the rights that it seeks to assert (e.g. the right to terminate IBM's irrevocable and perpetual UNIX rights). Moreover, SCO committed not to assert certain proprietary rights over or to restrict further distribution of any program distributed by SCO under the terms of the GPL.
P. SCO' s Copyright Infringement
108. As stated, IBM has made contributions of source code to Linux under the GPL, some of which are identified below. IBM owns valid copyrights in these contributions, as illustrated below, and has identified them with appropriate copyright notices.
109. Notwithstanding SCO's allegations that IBM and others have breached SCO' s intellectual property rights, SCO has infringed and is infringing IBM' s copyrights in its Linux contributions.
110. IBM granted SCO and others a non-exclusive license to these copyrighted contributions on the terms set out in the GPL and only on the terms set out in the GPL. SCO breached its obligations under the GPL, however, and therefore its rights under the GPL terminated.
111. SCO has infringed and is infringing IBM' s copyrights by copying, modifying, sublicensing and/or distributing Linux products including IBM' s copyrighted contributions after its rights under the GPL terminated. SCO has taken copyrighted source code made available by IBM under the GPL, included that code in SCO's Linux products, and copied modified, sublicensed and/or distributed those products other than as permitted under the GPL.
Q. SCO's Patent Infringement
112. In addition to infringing IBM' s copyrights, SCO is engaged in pervasive acts of infringement of no fewer than three of IBM' s patents, by making, using, selling and/or offering to sell a variety of products, including but not limited to: "UnixWare , a UNIX operating system for Intel and AMD processor-based computer systems; "Open Server , an operating system platform; and "Reliant HA" clustering" software that permits interconnection of multiple servers to achieve redundancy.
FIRST COUNTERCLAIM
Breach of Contract
113. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 112, with
the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
114. SCO is licensor and IBM licensee of the right to use and sublicense UNIX
System V software, as specified in the AT&T Agreements, Amendment X, the Sequent Agreements and other similar agreements, all
of which are valid contracts.
115. IBM has performed all its duties and obligations under the AT&T
Agreements, Amendment X, the Sequent Agreements and other similar agreements.
116. SCO has breached its express duties and obligations under the AT&T
Agreements, Amendment X, the Sequent Agreements and other similar agreements by, among other things, purporting to terminate IBM's irrevocable and perpetual UNIX rights and/or refusing to provide IBM adequate
notice and opportunity to cure its alleged misconduct.
117. SCO has also breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
under the AT&T Agreements, Amendment X, the Sequent Agreements and other similar agreements by affirmatively
seeking to deprive IBM of the benefits to which it is entitled under those contracts through
numerous acts of bad faith, including, among other things, making false and misleading
statements to the public about SCO's and IBM's rights under the same.
118. IBM has suffered damages from SCO's breaches of contract in an amount
to be determined at trial.
SECOND COUNTERCLAIM
Lanham Act Violation
119. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 118, with
the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
120. IBM sells and distributes AIX and Linux-related products and services in
interstate commerce, and IBM sold and distributed Dynix in interstate commerce.
121. SCO has made material false representations regarding AIX, Dynix and
IBM's Linux-related products and services, which affect a customer's decision whether to
purchase these products and services. Specifically, SCO has publicly misrepresented the
legitimacy of these products and services by falsely representing that IBM no longer has the
right, authority and license to use, produce and distribute these products and by misrepresenting
SCO's own rights in and to Unix, AIX, Dynix and Linux.
122. SCO has published its false statements in a series of widely-distributed
press releases, press interviews and other streams of commerce, as part of its bad faith campaign
to discredit IBM's products and services in the marketplace, to increase the perceived value of
SCO's limited rights to UNIX and to promote SCO's own UNIX operating systems, UnixWare and
Open Server.
123. These statements are likely to cause confusion and mistake and have in
fact caused confusion and mistake as to the characteristics of IBM's goods, products and/or
services.
124. As a direct result of SCO's false representations, all of which are in
violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1125, IBM has suffered damages in an amount to be determined at trial.
IBM is also entitled to damages and attorneys' fees pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a).
THIRD COUNTERCLAIM
Unfair Competition
125. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 124, with
the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
126. IBM has invested over two decades and hundreds of millions of dollars in the creation and development of AIX. Through IBM' s efforts, innovation and hard work, AIX has become one of the leading UNIX operating systems, and IBM' s AIX products and services are sold and used throughout the United States. Similarly, IBM expended substantial resources to acquire Dynix and has invested substantial time and effort in developing its Linux-related products and services.
127. SCO has intentionally, knowingly, wrongfully and in bad faith engaged in a public pattern of conduct aimed at depriving IBM of the value of its AIX, Dynix and Linux-related products and services and misappropriating the same for the benefit of SCO' s UNIX licensing business as well as SCO' s competing UNIX operating systems. SCO' s misconduct is likely to result in confusion in the marketplace and has in fact resulted in confusion concerning AIX, Dynix and Linux.
128. SCO has engaged in unfair competition by falsely claiming ownership of IBM' s intellectual property as well as the intellectual property created by the open-source community; publishing false and disparaging statements about AIX and Dynix; making bad faith misrepresentations concerning IBM' s rights to UNIX, AIX and Dynix; misusing and misrepresenting SCO's limited rights in UNIX to injure IBM; and falsely accusing IBM of theft of SCO' s intellectual property.
129. As a direct result of SCO's unfair competition, IBM has and will continue to suffer damage to its reputation, goodwill, and business in an amount to be determined at trial. Because SCO's acts of unfair competition were and are willful and malicious, IBM is also entitled to punitive damages.
FOURTH COUNTERCLAIM
Intentional Interference with Prospective Economic Relations
130. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 129, with
the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
131. IBM is actively engaged in the development, manufacture and sale of AIX and products and services that work with Linux, and IBM has sold and distributed Dynix. IBM has prospective business relationships with numerous companies and individuals to whom IBM has sold and/or licensed these products and services and/or to whom IBM seeks to sell and/or license these products and services. IBM also has prospective business relationships with business and individual members of the Linux and open-source software development distribution, service and computing communities with whom IBM seeks to do business in various capacities, including through research and development efforts.
132. SCO is fully aware of these prospective business relationships and the
importance of the relationships to IBM's continued commercial success.
133. SCO has intentionally interfered with these relationships through improper
means, including by making false and misleading statements to IBM's prospective customers
that IBM no longer has the right, authority and license to use, produce and distribute AIX, Dynix
and Linux-related products. SCO has also misrepresented its own rights relating to these
operating systems. The purpose of SCO's unlawful conduct is to injure IBM by driving
prospective customers of AIX, Dynix and IBM's Linux-related products and services away from
purchasing and licensing the same from IBM.
134. Furthermore, SCO has intentionally interfered with IBM's valuable
economic relationships with business and individual members of the Linux and open-source
software communities by falsely and publicly accusing IBM of inserting "truckloads" of SCO's
intellectual property into the Linux kernel and related software. Again, the purpose of SCO's
unlawful conduct is to injure IBM by driving away these businesses and individuals from future
open-source collaborations with IBM.
135. IBM has suffered damages from SCO's tortious interference with its
economic relations in an amount to be determined at trial. Because SCO's tortious interference
with IBM's prospective economic relations was and is willful and malicious, IBM is entitled to
punitive damages.
FIFTH COUNTERCLAIM
Unfair and Deceptive Trade Practices
136. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 135, with
the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
137. SCO has engaged in unfair and deceptive trade practices by, among other
things, falsely representing that IBM no longer has the right, authority and/or license to use,
produce and/or distribute AIX, Dynix and Linux-related products; misrepresenting SCO's and
IBM's rights relating to these operating systems; and publishing false and disparaging statements
about AIX, Dynix and Linux.
138. SCO's false statements and misrepresentations were made in connection
with SCO's solicitation of business, and in order to induce IBM and others to purchase products
and licenses from SCO. SCO's statements and misrepresentations are likely to cause confusion
and misunderstanding as to the qualities, benefits and characteristics of AIX, Dynix and Linux.
SCO has misrepresented the qualities, benefits and/or characteristics of these products.
139. SCO's misconduct was undertaken for the purpose of deceiving the
marketplace and defaming IBM and has deceived and misled the public and IBM's customers;
disparaged the goods, services, and business of IBM; and otherwise injured IBM's business in
violation of N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 349 and the laws of other states.
140. IBM has provided SCO with notice of its false and misleading statements,
and has given SCO an opportunity to correct those statements. SCO has refused and has instead
opted to make more false and misleading statements.
141. As a direct result of SCO's unfair and deceptive trade practices, the public
at large, including AIX, Dynix and Linux users, has been harmed by SCO's campaign to foster
fear, uncertainty and doubt about AIX, Dynix and Linux. Moreover, IBM has suffered damages
in an amount to be determined at trial. Because SCO's acts of unfair and deceptive trade
practices were and are willful, knowing and malicious, IBM is also entitled to treble damages
and/or fees pursuant to N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 349(h).
SIXTH COUNTERCLAIM
Breach of the GNU General Public License
142. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 141,
with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
143. IBM has made contributions of source code to Linux under the GPL on
the condition that users and distributors of such code, including SCO, abide by the terms of the
GPL in modifying and distributing Linux products, including, for example, the requirement that
they distribute all versions of software licensed under the GPL (original or derivative) under the
GPL and only the GPL.
144. SCO has taken source code made available by IBM under the GPL,
included that code in SCO's Linux products, and distributed significant portions of those
products under the GPL. By so doing, SCO accepted the terms of the GPL (pursuant to
GPL § 5), both with respect to source code made available by IBM under the GPL and with
respect to SCO's own Linux distributions.
145. SCO has breached the GPL by, among other things, copying, modifying,
sublicensing or distributing programs licensed under the GPL, including IBM contributions, on
terms inconsistent with those set out in the GPL; and seeking to impose additional restrictions on
the recipients of programs licensed under the GPL, including IBM contributions, distributed by
SCO.
146. Based upon its breaches of the GPL and the misconduct described herein,
SCO's rights under the GPL, including but not limited to the right to distribute the copyrighted
works of others included in Linux under the GPL, terminated (pursuant to § 4 of the GPL). The
GPL prohibits SCO from, among other things, asserting certain proprietary rights over, or
attempting to restrict further distribution of any program distributed by SCO under the terms of
the GPL, except as permitted by the GPL.
147. As a result of SCO's breaches of the GPL, countless developers and users
of Linux, including IBM, have suffered and will continue to suffer damages and other irreparable
injury. IBM is entitled to a declaration that SCO's rights under the GPL terminated, an
injunction prohibiting SCO from its continuing and threatened breaches of the GPL and an award
of damages in an amount to be determined at trial.
SEVENTH COUNTERCLAIM
Promissory Estoppel
148. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 147,
with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
149. SCO made a clear and unambiguous promise to IBM and others that SCO
would copy, modify or distribute programs distributed by IBM and others under the GPL only on
the terms set out in the GPL; and would not assert rights to programs distributed by SCO under
the GPL except on the terms set out in the GPL.
150. IBM and others reasonably, prudently and foreseeably relied upon these
promises, such as by making contributions under the GPL and committing resources to open-
source projects.
151. SCO knew or should have known that IBM and others would rely and in
fact relied upon SCO's promises and knew or should have known that those promises would
induce and in fact induced action or forbearance on the part of IBM and others.
152. SCO was and is aware of all material facts relating to IBM's reliance on
SCO's promises including but not limited to IBM's contributions under the GPL, SCO's
distributions under the GPL and the intent, meaning and import of the GPL.
153. As a result of its reliance upon SCO's promises, IBM has sustained
injuries and is entitled to an award of damages in an amount to be determined at trial. In addition
to an award of damages, IBM is entitled to declaratory and injunctive relief, including but not
limited to a declaration that SCO is not entitled to assert proprietary rights with respect to
products distributed by SCO under the GPL except upon the terms set out in the GPL.
EIGHTH COUNTERCLAIM
Copyright Infringement
154. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 153,
with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
155. As stated, IBM has made contributions of source code to Linux under the
GPL. IBM is, and at all relevant times has been, the owner of valid copyrights in these
contributions, as well as of all the rights, title and interest in those copyrights.
156. IBM holds the following certificates of copyright from the United States
Copyright Office (copies of which are attached hereto as Exhibits O - U), among others:
Registration No.
|
Date of Registration
|
Title of Work
|
TX 5-757-696
|
August 15, 2003
|
IBM Enterprise Volume Management System
|
TX 5-757-697
|
August 15, 2003
|
IBM Enterprise Class Event Logging
|
TX 5-757-698
|
August 15, 2003
|
IBM Dynamic Probes
|
TX 5-757-699
|
August 15, 2003
|
IBM Linux Support Power PC64
|
TX 5-757-700
|
August 15, 2003
|
IBM Omni Print Driver
|
TX 5-757-701
|
August 15, 2003
|
IBM Journaled File System
|
TX 5-757-702
|
August 15, 2003
|
IBM Next Generation Posix Threading
|
TX 5-856-466
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel Support for JFS
|
TX 5-856-467
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel S390 Support
|
TX 5-856-468
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel Support for Service Processor
|
TX 5-856-469
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel Support for Memory Expansion Technology
|
TX 5-856-470
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel Support for IBM eServer iSeries Devices
|
TX 5-856-471
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel Support for PCI Hotplug
|
TX 5-856-472
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel Support for pSeries Hypervisor Terminal
|
TX 5-856-473
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel Support for PPC64 Support
|
TX 5-856-474
|
February 2, 2004
|
IBM Linux Kernel Support for Mwave Modem
|
157. IBM has placed or caused to be placed a copyright notice on these
contributions of source code to Linux under the GPL and has otherwise complied with the
copyright laws of the United States in this respect. IBM does not permit the unauthorized
copying of its Linux contributions.
158. IBM granted SCO and others a non-exclusive license to the above-listed
copyrighted contributions to Linux on the terms set out in the GPL and only on the terms set out
in the GPL. IBM made these contributions on the condition that users and distributors of its
copyrighted code, including SCO, abide by the terms of the GPL in copying, modifying and
distributing Linux products.
159. SCO has infringed and is infringing IBM's copyrights by copying,
modifying, sublicensing and/or distributing Linux products except as expressly provided under
the GPL. SCO has taken copyrighted source code made available by IBM under the GPL,
included that code in SCO's Linux products, and copied, modified, sublicensed and/or
distributed those products other than as permitted under the GPL. SCO has no right -- and has
never had any right - to copy, modify, sublicense and/or distribute the IBM copyrighted code
except pursuant to the GPL.
160. As a result of SCO's infringement, IBM has been damaged and is entitled
to an award of actual and/or statutory damages pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504 in an amount to be
proven at trial. Because SCO's infringement has been willful, deliberate and in utter disregard
and derogation of IBM's rights, IBM is entitled to enhanced statutory damages pursuant to 17
U.S.C. § 504. IBM is entitled to costs and attorney's fees pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 505.
161. In addition, IBM is entitled to injunctive relief pursuant to 17 U.S.C.
§ 502, as SCO will continue to infringe IBM's copyrights in violation of the copyright laws of
the United States unless restrained by this Court. IBM is also entitled to an appropriate order
pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 503.
NINTH COUNTERCLAIM
Declaratory Judgment of Noninfringement of Copyrights
162. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 161, with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
163. SCO purports to hold copyrights relating to UNIX software, including the following copyrights:
Registration No.
|
Date of Registration
|
Title of Work
|
TXU-510-028
|
March 25, 1992
|
UNIX Operating System Edition 5 and Instruction Manual
|
TX u-511-236
|
April 7, 1992
|
UNIX Operating System Edition 6 and Instruction Manual
|
TXu-516-705
|
May 15, 1992
|
UNIX Operating System Edition 32V and Instruction Manual
|
TXu-516-705
|
May 15, 1992
|
UNIX Operating System Edition 7 and Instruction Manual
|
TXu-301-868
|
November 25, 1987
|
Operating System Utility Programs
|
TX5-787-679
|
June 11, 2003
|
UNIXWARE 7.1.3
|
TX 5-750-270
|
July 7, 2003
|
UNIX System V RELEASE 3.0
|
TX 5-750-269
|
July 7, 2003
|
UNIX SYSTEM V RELEASE 3.1
|
TX 5-750-271
|
July 7, 2003
|
UNIX SYSTEM RELEASE 3.2
|
TX 5-776-217
|
July 16, 2003
|
UNIX SYSTEM V RELEASE 4.0
|
TX 5-705-357
|
June 30, 2003
|
UNIX SYSTEM V RELEASE 4.1ES
|
TX 5-762-235
|
July 3, 2003
|
UNIX SYSTEM V RELEASE 4.2
|
TX 5-762-234
|
July 3, 2003
|
UNIX SYSTEM V RELEASE 4.1
|
TX 5-750-268
|
July 9, 2003
|
UNIX SYSTEM V RELEASE 3.2
|
164. SCO has sued IBM claiming that IBM has infringed, induced the infringement of, and contributed to the infringement of, SCO's purported UNIX copyrights by, among other things, continuing to "reproduce, prepare derivative works of, and distribute copyrighted UNIX materials through its activities relating to AIX and Dynix.
165. IBM does not believe that its activities relating to AIX and Dynix including any reproduction, improvement and distribution of AIX and Dynix, infringe, induce the infringement of, or contribute to the infringement of valid, enforceable copyrights owned by SCO. 166. An actual controversy exists between SCO and IBM as to the noninfringement of SCO's copyrights and the validity of any purported SCO copyrights concerning UNIX.
167. IBM is entitled to a declaratory judgment pursuant to 28 U. C. Section 2201 that IBM does not infringe, induce the infringement of, or contribute to the infringement of any SCO copyright through the reproduction, improvement, and distribution of AIX and Dynix, and that some or all ofSCO' s purported copyrights in UNIX are invalid and unenforceable.
TENTH COUNTERCLAIM
Declaratory Judgment of Noninfringement of Copyrights
168. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 167 with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
169. As discussed above, SCO purports to hold copyrights relating to UNIX software.
170. SCO has sued IBM claiming that IBM has infringed, induced the infringement of, and contributed to the infringement of, SCO's purported UNIX copyrights by, among other things, continuing to "reproduce, prepare derivative works of, and distribute copyrighted UNIX materials through its activities relating to Linux.
171. IBM does not believe that its activities relating to Linux, including any use, reproduction and improvement of Linux, infringe, induce the infringement of, or contribute to the infringement of valid, enforceable copyrights owned by SCO.
172. An actual controversy exists between SCO and IBM as to the noninfringement ofSCO' s copyrights and the validity of any purported SCO copyrights concerning UNIX.
173. IBM is entitled to a declaratory judgment pursuant to 28 U. C. 9 2201 that IBM does not infringe, induce the infringement of, or contribute to the infringement of any SCO copyright through its Linux activities, including its use, reproduction and improvement of Linux, and that some or all of SCO' s purported copyrights in UNIX are invalid and unenforceable.
ELEVENTH COUNTERCLAIM
Patent Infringement
174. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 173, with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
175. IBM is the lawful owner, by assignment, of the entire right, title and interest in United States Patent No. 4814746 ("the '746 Patent"), duly and legally issued on March 21, 1989 to Miller et aI., entitled "Data Compression Method". A copy of the ' 746 Patent is attached hereto as Exhibit X.
176. Upon information and belief, SCO has infringed, contributorily infringed and/or actively induced others to infringe the '746 Patent within this judicial district and elsewhere in violation of35 U. C. 9271 by, without authority or license from IBM, (a) making, using, selling and/or offering to sell products, including Unix Ware and Open Server, that practice one or more claims of the '746 Patent and (b) actively, knowingly and intentionally causing and assisting others to infringe one or more claims of the' 746 Patent.
177. Upon information and belief, SCO will continue to infringe, contributorily infringe and/or actively induce others to infringe the '746 Patent unless enjoined by this Court.
178. IBM has been and continues to be damaged and irreparably harmed by the aforesaid acts of infringement of the '746 Patent by SCD, and will suffer additional damages and irreparable harm unless this Court enjoins SCD from further infringement.
179. Upon information and belief, SCO's continued manufacture, use, sale and/or offer for sale of the infringing products, including UnixWare and Open Server, following receipt of notice from IBM of SCO's infringing activities was and is willful, and such activities by SCO prior to receipt of such notice also have been willful if, after reasonable opportunity for discovery, evidence arises that SCO had actual knowledge that its actions could constitute infringement of the '746 Patent, making this an exceptional case and justifying the assessment of treble damages pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284, and the award of attorneys' fees pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 285.
TWELFTH COUNTERCLAIM
Patent Infringement
180. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 179,
with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
181. IBM is the lawful owner, by assignment, of the entire right, title and
interest in United States Patent No. 4,953,209 ("the ‘209 Patent"), duly and legally issued on
August 28, 1990 to Ryder et al., entitled "Self-Verifying Receipt and Acceptance System for
Electronically Delivered Data Objects". A copy of the ‘209 Patent is attached hereto as
Exhibit Y.
182. Upon information and belief, SCO has infringed, contributorily infringed and/or actively induced others to infringe the '209 Patent within this judicial district and elsewhere in violation of 35 U.S.C. § 271 by, without authority or license from IBM, (a) making, using, selling and/or offering to sell products, including Unix Ware, that practice one or more claims of the '209 Patent and (b) actively, knowingly and intentionally causing and assisting others to infringe one or more claims of the '209 Patent.
183. Upon information and belief, SCO will continue to infringe, contributorily infringe and/or actively induce others to infringe the ‘209
Patent unless enjoined by this Court.
184. IBM has been and continues to be damaged and irreparably harmed by the aforesaid acts of infringement of the '209 Patent by SCO, and will suffer additional damages and irreparable harm unless this Court enjoins SCO from further infringement.
185. Upon information and belief, SCO's continued manufacture, use, sale and/or offer for sale of the infringing products, including Unix Ware, following receipt of notice from IBM of SCO's infringing activities by SCO prior to receipt of such notice also have been willful if, after reasonable opportunity for discovery, evidence arises that SCO had actual knowledge that its actions could constitute infringement of the '209 Patent, making this an exceptional case and justifying the assessment of treble damages pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284, and the award of attorneys' fees pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 285.
THIRTEENTH COUNTERCLAIM
Patent Infringement
186. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 185, with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
187. IBM is the lawful owner, by assignment, of the entire right, title and
interest in United States Patent No. 5,805,785 ("the ‘785 Patent"), duly and legally issued on
September 8, 1998 to Dias et al., entitled "Method for Monitoring and Recovery of Subsystems
in a Distributed/Clustered System". A copy of the ‘785 Patent is attached hereto as Exhibit Z.
188. Upon information and belief, SCO has infringed, contributorily infringed and/or actively induced others to infringe the '785 Patent within this judicial district and elsewhere in violation of 35 U.S.C. § 271 by, without authority or license from IBM,
(a) making, using, selling and/or offering to sell products, including Reliant HA, that practice one or more claims of the '785 Patent and (b) actively, knowingly and intentionally causing and assisting others to infringe one or more claims of the '785 Patent.
189. Upon information and belief, SCO will continue to infringe, contributorily infringe and/or actively induce others to infringe the ‘785
Patent unless enjoined by this Court.
190. IBM has been and continues to be damaged and irreparably harmed by the aforesaid acts of infringement of the ‘785 Patent by SCO , and will suffer additional damages and irrevocable
harm unless this Court enjoins SCO from further infringement.
191. Upon information and belief, SCO's continued manufacture, use, sale and/or offer for sale of the infringing
products, including Reliant HA, following receipt of notice from IBM of SCO's infringing activities was and is willful, and such activities by SCO prior to receipt of such notice also have been willful if, after reasonable opportunity for discovery, evidence arises that SCO had actual knowledge that its actions could constitute infringement of the ‘785
Patent, making this an exceptional case and justifying the assessment of treble damages pursuant
to 35 U.S.C. § 284, and the award of attorneys' fees pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 285.
FOURTEENTH COUNTERCLAIM
Declaratory Judgment
192. IBM repeats and realleges the averments in paragraphs 1 through 191, with the same force and effect as though they were set forth fully herein.
193. SCO has breached its contractual obligations to IBM, violated the Lanham Act, engaged in unfair competition, interfered with IBM's prospective economic relations, engaged in unfair and deceptive trade practices, breached the GPL, infringed IBM copyrights and infringed IBM patents, as stated above.
194. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2201, IBM is entitled to declaratory relief with
respect to SCO's and IBM's rights, including among other things a declaration that SCO has
violated IBM's rights as outlined above by breaching its contractual obligations to IBM,
violating the Lanham Act, engaging in unfair competition, interfering with IBM's prospective
economic relations, engaging in unfair and deceptive trade practices, breaching the GPL,
infringing IBM copyrights and infringing IBM patents, and is estopped as outlined above.
195. Moreover, IBM is entitled to a declaration that (1) SCO has no right to
assert, and is estopped from asserting, proprietary rights over programs that SCO distributed
under the GPL except as permitted by the GPL; (2) SCO is not entitled to impose restrictions on
the copying, modifying or distributing of programs distributed by it under the GPL except as set
out in the GPL; and (3) any product into which SCO has incorporated code licensed pursuant to
the GPL is subject to the GPL and SCO may not assert rights with respect to that code except as
provided by the GPL.
196. There is a justiciable controversy between IBM and SCO with respect to
all of the issues described above.
197. Absent declaratory relief, SCO's misconduct will continue to cause injury
to IBM, the open-source community and the public at large.
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
WHEREFORE, counterclaim-plaintiff IBM prays that this Court enter judgment
on the counterclaims in favor of IBM and against SCO:
(a) awarding IBM compensatory damages;
(b) awarding damages pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a) and 17 U.S.C. § 504;
(c) awarding IBM punitive damages;
(d) granting IBM treble damages pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 284;
(e) granting IBM declaratory relief, including a declaration that (i) that IBM does not, through its reproduction, improvement, and distribution of AIX and Dynix, infringe, induce the infringement of, or contribute to the infringement of any valid and enforceable copyright owned by SCO; (ii) that IBM does not, through its Linux activities, including its use, reproduction and improvement of Linux, infringe, induce the infringement of, or contribute to the infringement of any valid and enforceable copyright owned by SCO; (iii) SCO has
violated IBM's rights as outlined above by breaching its contractual obligations to IBM,
violating the Lanham Act, engaging in unfair competition, interfering with IBM's prospective
economic relations, engaging in unfair and deceptive trade practices, breaching the GPL,
infringing IBM copyrights and infringing IBM patents; (iv) SCO has no right to assert, and is
estopped from asserting, proprietary rights over programs that SCO distributed under the GPL
except as permitted by the GPL; and is not entitled to impose restrictions on the copying,
modifying or distributing of programs distributed by it under the GPL except as set out in the
GPL; and (v) any product into which SCO has incorporated code licensed pursuant to the GPL
is subject to the GPL and SCO may not assert rights with respect to that code except as provided
by the GPL;
(f) granting IBM injunctive relief, enjoining and restraining SCO and its
affiliates, subsidiaries, officers, agents, servants, employees, attorneys, successors and assigns
and all others persons acting in concert with them, from further violating IBM's rights as
described above, including in particular from (i) misrepresenting SCO's rights and IBM's rights
to Unix technology, such as that SCO can, will or has in fact revoked IBM right to use Unix,
(ii) misrepresenting that IBM no longer has the right, authority and license to use, produce and
distribute AIX, Dynix and IBM's Linux-related products; (iii) publishing false and disparaging
statements about AIX, Dynix and IBM's Linux-related products; (iv) engaging in further acts of
unfair competition; (v) claiming certain ownership rights over programs made available under
the GPL; (vi) engaging in unfair and deceptive trade practices; (vii) further infringement of
IBM's copyrights; and (viii) further infringement or inducement of infringement of the ‘746,
‘209 and ‘785 Patents;
(g) awarding IBM costs, expenses and reasonable attorneys' fees pursuant to
35 U.S.C. § 285, 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a), Utah Code Ann. § 13-24-5, N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 349(h),
and 17 U.S.C. § 505;
(h) awarding IBM pre- and post-judgment interest on the damages caused to
IBM as a result of all wrongful acts alleged herein; and
(i) granting IBM such other and further relief as this Court deems just and
proper, including costs, disbursements and reasonable attorneys' fees.
JURY DEMAND
IBM demands a trial by jury on all issues so triable.
DATED this ___ day of ________, 2004
SNELL & WILMER LLP
____________________
Alan L. Sullivan
Todd M. Shaughnessy
CRAVATH, SWAINE & MOORE LLP
Evan R. Chesler
David R. Marriott
Counsel for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation
Of counsel:
MORGAN & FINNEGAN LLP
Chrstopher A. Hughes
Richard Straussman
[address, phone]
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
CORPORATION
Donald J. Rosenberg
Alec S. Berman
[address, phone]
Attorneys for Defendant/Counterclaim-Plaintiff
International Business Machines Corporation
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