It's all about how much Microsoft should have to pay Motorola for its standards-essential patents, although Motorola claims that there is no RAND commitment unless Microsoft also licenses its RAND patents back to Motorola, and is asking the court to set a price for that as well.

I'm pretty sure if you read all four documents, you'll get a very different insight into what is really going on in the RAND/FRAND disputes than what you read in the funny papers. The FTC expressed concern about this topic in its recent decision and order [PDF], settling with Google, which it has now posted on the FTC website. Incidentally, if you read the order, you'll see that injunctions are not banned altogether, just that there are steps that must be taken first. And by my reading, had this FTC order been in place when the Microsoft v. Motorola litigation first began, it would have been very much to Motorola's benefit, not Microsoft's. Perhaps that's why Google didn't mind voluntarily agreeing to the terms. I'll show you what I mean.

Jump To Comments

E. Nothing in this Order shall prohibit Respondents from seeking Covered Injunctive Relief for alleged Infringement of a FRAND Patent against a Potential Licensee who:

1. is outside the jurisdiction of the United States District Courts; a Potential Licensee shall be considered within the jurisdiction of the United States District Courts if the Potential Licensee itself or any parent or other entity with control over such Potential Licensee is within the jurisdiction of the United States District Courts;

2. has stated in writing or in sworn testimony that it will not license the FRAND Patent on any terms; PROVIDED THAT for the purposes of this paragraph, challenging the validity, value, Infringement or Essentiality of an alleged infringing FRAND Patent does not constitute a statement that a Potential Licensee will not license such FRAND Patent;

3. refuses to enter a License Agreement covering the FRAND Patent on terms that have been set in the Final Ruling of a Court or through Binding Arbitration; or

4. fails to provide the written confirmation as requested in a FRAND Terms Letter delivered to a Qualified Recipient of the Potential Licensee within thirty (30) days of receiving the FRAND Terms Letter; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that Respondents shall not assert in any Court that such written confirmation constitutes a specific agreement to license on any particular terms.

C. If the Potential Licensee has filed a Qualified Request for a FRAND Determination covering Respondents’ FRAND Patents Essential to the Covered Standards no more than seven (7) months after Respondents delivered the Offer to License or three (3) months after Respondents delivered the Offer to Arbitrate, whichever is later, and such Action has not been dismissed upon a Final Ruling; PROVIDED THAT not less than thirty (30) days after the Potential Licensee files the Qualified Request for a FRAND Determination, Respondents may send a proposed License Agreement and a Confirmation Letter (attached as Exhibit A) to a Qualified Recipient of the Potential Licensee. If the Potential Licensee does not deliver written acceptance of the terms in the Confirmation Letter to the Qualified Recipient of Respondents within sixty (60) days of receipt of the Confirmation Letter, Respondents shall be relieved of their obligations not to file a claim for, or seek or enforce, Covered Injunctive Relief

Or think about the case between Apple and Motorola in Wisconsin, where Apple let the judge know it wouldn't accept a royalty she set unless it was low enough to suit Apple, which led to the case being thrown out. Had the FTC order been in place, and if Apple had said that to the arbitrator specified, Motorola would have been free to seek injunctive relief. Playing games in litigation works sometimes, but the steps outlined in the FTC order restrict both Google and the parties using the standards-essential patents without paying for them. Incidentally, Apple has just filed a notice of appeal [PDF] that it has appealed to the Federal Circuit against the final judgment [PDF] in that case.

But getting back to Motorola's story, beginning on page 27 of Motorola's proposed Findings, it tells how this litigation got started, and it's not what I thought. For just one example, it was Microsoft that first sued Motorola over patents, not the other way around, and it happened *before* Motorola sent a letter asking Microsoft to take a license on Motorola's patents, a letter which by my reading Microsoft more or less maneuvered Motorola into sending.

Too bad the FTC didn't read these documents, because they are utterly contrary to the street wisdom, so to speak, on these FRAND disputes. For example, Motorola writes in its Findings that there is no stacking problem in the real world. It's a theory, a conceivability, but in this very case, "Microsoft’s experts did not present specific evidence of a stacking problem with respect to either 802.11 or H.264." As for holdup, Motorola quotes Microsoft saying to the FTC that "[t]here is little evidence that patent hold-up in the standards context is a real problem.” All this fuss about stacking and holdup and there's no such problem, except in theory?

Here's the section from the proposed Findings of Fact where Motorola tells the court how it ended up in its courtroom in Seattle, and see if you can identify which party, if either, acted in good faith:

C. The Motorola/Microsoft Negotiations

1. Motorola’s October 2010 Offer Letters

83. On October 1, 2010, Microsoft filed suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington at Seattle, against Motorola, Inc., claiming infringement of nine U.S. Patents. (Dkt. No. 1.) That same day, Microsoft filed a Complaint with the United States International Trade Commission, alleging infringement of the same nine U.S. Patents and requesting that the Commission enter an exclusion order barring import of Motorola’s smartphone and tablet devices. (See 11/20 (Dailey) Tr. at 75:20-76:2.) Of the nine patents, Motorola was found to infringe only one patent. Certain Mobile Devices, Associated Software, and Components Thereof, ITC Inv. No. 337-TA-744, 2012 WL 3715788, at *21 (June 5, 2012) (Comm’n Op.).

84. During a licensing discussion in early October, Microsoft told Motorola’s Kirk Dailey that Motorola might need to “put its patents on the table” and might have to sue Microsoft in order to show how its patents related to Microsoft’s products. (11/20 (Dailey) Tr. at 36:3-11; 39:7-9.)

85. On October 21, 2010, Motorola’s VP of Intellectual Property, Kirk Dailey, sent an “offer to license” letter to Microsoft’s VP and Deputy General Counsel, Horacio Gutierrez. (Ex. 1.) The October 21 letter offered to grant Microsoft a worldwide license to Motorola’s portfolio of patents and patent applications relating to the IEEE 802.11 Standards. (Id.; see also 11/20 (Dailey) Tr. at 36:3-11.)

86. The letter included Motorola’s offer to grant the license under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions and included Motorola’s standard terms. (Ex. 1; see also 11/20 (Dailey) Tr. at 121:8-18.) These standard terms included an offer to license the patents at a royalty rate of 2.25% of the price per unit for each 802.11 compliant product sold by Microsoft. (Ex. 1; see also 11/20 (Dailey) Tr. at 36:12-23; 37:15-38:16.) The letter indicated that the offer was “subject to a grant back license under the 802.11 essential patents of Microsoft.” (Ex. 1 at MOTM_WASH1823_0018476.)

87. In the October 21, 2010 letter, Motorola also offered a license to less than its entire portfolio of 802.11 essential patents, if desired by Microsoft, again “on RAND terms.” (Ex. 1 at MOTM_WASH1823_0018476.) A “non-exhaustive” list of 28 U.S. Patents (and their respective foreign counterparts) to be included by Motorola in the license was attached. (Ex. 1.)

88. In order to facilitate a response, Motorola indicated that it would “leave this offer open for 20 days.” (Ex. 1 at MOTM_WASH1823_0018476; 11/20 (Dailey) Tr. at 76:12-77:13.) Motorola intended this letter to be an initial offer under Motorola’s 802.11 patents so that Motorola could have a discussion and a negotiation with Microsoft. (11/20 (Dailey) Tr. at 36:6-11.) Prior to receiving this letter, Microsoft had never asked Motorola for a license to any of its 802.11 Standard-essential patents. (4/4 Gutierrez Depo. Tr. at 18:10-13.)

89. Upon receiving the October 21, 2010 letter, Mr. Gutierrez did not perform an analysis of the comparative contribution of the various 802.11 Standard-essential patent holders, and does not believe that analysis would have been warranted. (4/4 Gutierrez Depo. Tr. at 42:7-10, 18-22.) While Microsoft concluded that a 2.25 percent per unit royalty was unreasonable, Microsoft did not determine what would have been a reasonable royalty rate, because (according to Mr. Gutierrez) “the process by which a reasonable royalty can be calculated is incredibly complex and context specific” and “it really wasn’t necessary to try to make that determination in that context because we were on a path for a broader resolution of the claims between the companies.” (4/4 Gutierrez Depo. Tr. at 47:7-16.)

90. On October 29, 2010, Motorola sent Microsoft another “offer to license” letter. (Ex. 2.) This letter offered to grant Microsoft a worldwide license to Motorola’s portfolio of patents and patent applications relating to the ITU-T Recommendation H.264 (“H.264”). (Id.) The letter included the offer to grant the license under reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms and conditions and included Motorola’s standard terms. (Ex. 2 at MOTM_W ASH1823_0018498.)

91. These standard terms include an offer to license the patents at a royalty rate of 2.25% of the price per unit for each H.264 compliant end product. (Ex. 2 at MOTM_WASH1823_0018498; 11/20 (Dailey) Tr. 38:17-23.) The offer also was made “subject to a grant back license under the H.264 essential patents of Microsoft.” (Ex. 2; Dailey Tr. 38:17- 23.) A “non-exhaustive” list of 18 U.S. patents (and their respective foreign counterparts) to be included by Motorola in the license was attached to the letter.

92. In order to facilitate a response, Motorola indicated that it would “leave this offer open for 20 days.” (Ex. 2 at MOTM_WASH1823_0018498.) In the October 29, 2010 letter, Motorola also offered a license on less than its entire portfolio of H.264 essential patents, again “on RAND terms.” (Ex. 2 at MOTM_WASH1823_0018498.)

93. Prior to receipt of this letter, Microsoft had never applied for a license to Motorola’s H.264 patent portfolio. (4/4 Gutierrez Depo. Tr. at 63:22-25.) Mr. Gutierrez was not aware of Microsoft performing a financial valuation of Motorola H.264 patent portfolio after receiving the October 29, 2010 letter. (4/4 Gutierrez Depo. Tr. at 65:22-25.)

2. Subsequent Motorola/Microsoft Negotiations

94. After receiving these letters, Microsoft sued without responding to the letters or attempting to negotiate. (11/20 (Dailey) Tr. at 39:10-13.) After filing the breach complaint, Microsoft told Motorola not to be concerned about the complaint, it was “litigation tactics week,” and that they “expected some good work” from Motorola’s lawyers. (11/20 (Dailey) Tr. 2 at 39:18-22.)

Motorola has a section on both hold up and stacking, and note that it says that stacking is a theoretical problem, not something Microsoft has accused Motorola of doing, and that Microsoft's experts admitted there is no holdup issue involved in the area where Motorola's patents are necessary:

B. Motorola’s Licenses Do Not Include Hold Up And Do Not Contribute to A Stacking Problem

1. Stacking

126. “Royalty stacking” is a term used to refer to a situation in which the cumulative “stacked” royalties that a licensee may need to pay to all holders of SEPs for a given standard is so high as to make it no longer economical for the manufacturing company to develop and commercialize the product. (See, e.g., Ex. 2982 at MOTM_WASH1823_0495409.)

127. While the economic literature recognizes royalty stacking as a theoretical concern, royalty stacking does not appear to be a problem in the real world, in the sense that those who have looked for actual evidence, as opposed to the predictions of relatively simple theoretical models, have not found it. (11/19 (Schmalensee) Tr. at 148:8-15.) There is no evidence of a technically attractive standard that has failed because aggregate terms have made it infeasible. (11/19 (Schmalensee) Tr. at 173:21-24.)

128. As Damien Geradin, Anne Layne-Farrar, and A. Jorge Padilla stated in a 2007 paper entitled Royalty Stacking in High Tech Industries: Separating Myth From Reality, the empirical evidence “does not corroborate the gloomy predictions of the proponents of the royalty stacking hypothesis.” (Ex. 2982 at MOTM_WASH1823_0495407.) “The royalty stacking theory is not robust,” they add. (Ex. 2982 at 39.) “[T]he so-called royalty stacking problem,” they explain, “is more myth than reality.” (Ex. 2982 at MOTM_WASH1823_ 0495407.)

129. As an example, Geradin, Layne-Farrar, and Padilla examined the 3G industry. In 2006, Mark Lemley and Carl Shapiro had “argued, relying on purely anecdotal evidence, that a royalty stacking problem exists in the development of the WCDMA (a 3G mobile telephony technology).” (Ex. 2982 at 4.) Lemley and Shapiro pointed out that “literally thousands of patents have been identified as essential to the proposed new standards for 3G cellular telephone systems.” (Ex. 2982 at 39.)

130. When asked for an example of an industry in which there is actual evidence that royalty stacking has been a problem, Microsoft expert Dr. Simcoe testified that the Lemley and Shapiro paper was “the best example I have.” (11/16 (Simcoe) Tr. at 66:17-23.) However, after testing Lemley’s and Shapiro’s theory, Geradin, Layne-Farrar, and Padilla concluded that the results of their “econometric analysis do not support those who claim the existence of a serious royalty stacking problem in the 3G telecoms industry.” (Ex. 2982 at MOTM_WASH1823_0495412.) “[In] reality,” they explain, “WCDMA technology is being licensed and has achieved remarkable penetration today, which belies any extreme cumulative royalty predictions made some time ago.” (Ex. 2982 at 22.) They add:

[T]he theoretical underpinnings of the model predicting royalty stacking do not match the reality of cellular standard setting. The royalty stacking model proposed in Lemley and Shapiro (2006) ignores that all key patents are regarded as strict complements by licensees and the elasticity of demand for licenses is bound to be low. Their assumption of equal patent contributions by all standard participants does not hold within the 3G standard. Some components of the standard are crucial to its functioning . . . whereas others are more peripheral.

(Ex. 2982 at 40.) Accordingly, they conclude that the “predicted royalty stacking problem is not an issue in this [the 3G cellular technology] industry.” (Ex. 2982 at 33.)

131. There are a number of possible explanations for the difference between the simple theory that stacking could be a problem and the observed practice that stacking is not a problem. (11/19 (Schmalensee) Tr. at 173:25-175:10; 176:9-19.) First, many patent holders hold patents for defensive reasons, and so prospective licensees do not face numerous licensors. (Id.) Second, sophisticated licensees are aware that there are multiple licensors and take this consideration into account during negotiations. (Id.) And third, prospective licensors and prospective licensees interact repeatedly, and so are incentivized not to act unreasonably. (Id.)

132. Microsoft’s experts did not present specific evidence of a stacking problem with respect to either 802.11 or H.264.

133. As of the date Dr. Murphy formulated his opinions in this case, although the 802.11 Standard had been released about 13 years before, there was no 802.11 stacking problem in the industry. (11/13 (Murphy) Tr. at 177:11-178:24.) Dr. Murphy testified that he “certainly [has not] reached the opinion that that [royalty stacking in the 802.11 industry] historically has been a problem.” (Id. at 177:19-21.) Dr. Murphy also testified that he does not think that there is a stacking problem related to 802.11 “that’s materialized itself . . . I don’t think it’s really materialized per se. I don’t think it is really materialized as, you know, lots of people charging substantial license fees to date.” (Id at 178:9-13.) As Dr. Murphy confirmed: “In my opinion, based on the evidence I have seen, I don’t think [a stacking problem] is there to date.” (Id. at 178:23-24.)

134. Dr. Murphy also stated that, as of the date he formulated his opinions, although the H.264 standard had been around for close to a decade, he does not think that there has been any H.264 royalty stacking problem in the industry. (Id. at 179:3-12.)

135. Dr. Simcoe’s evidence that royalty stacking exists is “largely the existence of patent pools.” (11/16 (Simcoe) Tr. at 66:7-8.) However, Dr. Simcoe has not “looked at the total cumulative royalty burden in any particular industry to establish this, and has not “looked at any particular industry to figure out what the size of the stack would be.” (11/16 (Simcoe) Tr. at 66:13-14, 66:21-23.) (Moreover, as Damien Geradin, Anne Layne-Farrar, and A. Jorge Padilla pointed out in Royalty Stacking in High Tech Industries: Separating Myth from Reality, “royalty stacking may not be a problem . . . even in the absence of mitigating institutions, such as patent pools).” (Ex. 2982 at MOTM_WASH1823_0495412.))

136. Dr. Lynde testified that there is “some debate in the professional literature” about “how much potential problem” royalty stacking could be. (11/16 (Lynde) Tr. at 139:22-24.) However, Dr. Lynde confirmed that, at his deposition, when asked whether royalty stacking is a problem for the Wi-Fi industry, he testified that he was “not aware of economic literature analyzing the difficulties presented by stacking,” and that “in the aggregate, it has not been a problem.” (Id at 139:22-140:19.) Dr. Lynde similarly testified that he is not aware of professional literature to the effect that implementers of the H.264 standard are suffering from a stacking problem. (Id at 140:23-141:15.) Dr. Lynde explained that “[a]ll I know” is that hold up and stacking in the H.264 industry are “not a problem for Microsoft.” (11/16 (Lynde) Tr. at 151:14-152:4.)

137. As Damien Geradin, Anne Layne-Farrar, and A. Jorge Padilla state in an article published in the Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Law entitled “The Complements Problem Within Standard Setting: Assessing the Evidence on Royalty Stacking”:

[T]he relevant question is not whether royalty stacking is possible, as the theoretical arguments behind it have withstood the test of time, but whether it is common enough and costly enough in actuality to warrant policy changes. The available evidence suggests not, implying that any policy changes aimed at solving royalty stacking are likely to cause more (unintended) harm than they cure.

(Ex. 3013 at 145 (emphasis in original).) As these authors explain, there is neither direct nor indirect evidence of significant royalty stacking problems in Wi-Fi. (Id. at 162-63.) There is, they conclude, “scant evidence that royalty stacking and other complements issues are widespread and recurring problems.” (Id. at 176.) Accordingly, they add, if policy recommendations were implemented in an attempt to account for royalty stacking, “it would risk setting a course for Scylla in the absence of any evidence of danger from Charybdis.” (Id. at 176.)

2. Hold Up

138. There is no evidence of a hold up problem with respect to either 802.11 or H.264 or any of Motorola’s prior licenses. (11/19 (Schmalensee) Tr. at 151:1-4; 175:25-176:3; 11/16 (Lynde) Tr. at 135:19-36:5; Ex. 2970 at 16.)

139. Dr. Murphy acknowledges that many licenses have been negotiated for standard essential patents ex post, but believes that every one of those license “potentially” includes hold up. (11/13 (Murphy) Tr. at 179:15-180:22.) Ex post bilateral negotiations can lead to a RAND license. (11/13 (Murphy) Tr. at 180:23-181:1; 11/16 (Lynde) Tr. at 138:14-18.) Dr. Murphy testified that “hold-up has not necessarily been a problem.” (11/13 (Murphy) Tr. at 201:25- 202:1.) Motorola’s license with VTech was not the product of hold up. (11/13 (Murphy) Tr. at 184:9-10.)

140. Dr. Simcoe has not made a detailed factual review of any of Motorola’s prior licenses. (11/16 (Simcoe) Tr. at 50:22-51:4.) Dr. Simcoe has no evidence that there is any hold up in any of Motorola’s prior licenses. (11/16 (Simcoe) Tr. at 66:24-67:3.) Dr. Simcoe is unable to identify any particular license from any company as an example of hold up. (11/16 (Simcoe) Tr. at 67:8-10.) Dr. Simcoe has no evidence that the dispute between Motorola and Microsoft in this case is based on hold up. (11/16 (Simcoe) Tr. at 67:4-7.)

141. When Dr. Lynde formulated his opinion, there was no Motorola license involving Motorola’s 802.11 or H.264 patents as to which Dr. Lynde had any specific evidence that hold up was involved. (11/16 (Lynde) Tr. at 138:19-139:8.) As of his deposition, Dr. Lynde had “no basis from economic evidence to conclude whether or not patent hold-up is a real problem,” and no basis to disagree with Microsoft’s statement to the FTC that “[t]here is little evidence that patent hold-up in the standards context is a real problem.” (11/16 (Lynde) Tr. at 135:19-136:5; Ex. 2970 at 16.)

In particular, Motorola did not deviate from its standard licensing practice with Microsoft – it treated Microsoft like any other potential licensee and offered its standard rate, just as it has done dozens of times before. See, e.g., Transitron Elec. Corp. v. Hughes Aircraft, 487 F. Supp. 885, 903 (D. Mass. 1980) (noting that a 1% royalty rate was not excessive, where it was a standard offer made to all licensees and imposed no unreasonable restrictions). Moreover, Motorola’s executed licenses are consistent with this standard rate (and, in fact, these very rates were agreed to by VTech in its license). And as the Court has recognized, parties do not have information when an initial offer is made to know what is and is not RAND. Dkt. No. 335 at 23-25. That can only be determined through negotiations, which should have occurred here. For these reasons, Motorola’s offer was not unreasonable or a violation of its obligation of good faith and fair dealing.

But it's also a larger play on Microsoft's part to reformulate how RAND patents work, and Motorola expounds on that:

VIII. POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF MICROSOFT’S APPROACH TO RAND

746. If implemented, Microsoft’s approach to RAND would have drastic policy implications. Companies might not participate in the standards-setting process or contribute their patents to the standard if they believe that they will not receive full and fair value for their patents. (3/27 Turner Depo. Tr. at 76:12-16, 21-25; 77:2-15; 11/13 (Murphy) Tr. at 168:16-20.) Standards may be put at risk and might not be successful if they do not incorporate the best technology possible. (11/13 (Murphy) Tr. at 169:2-5; 3/27 Turner Depo. Tr. at 76:12-16, 76:21- 77:15.)

747. If pool rates were held to be the most appropriate RAND royalty rates, then SEP holders with valuable SEPs would be hesitant to participate in standard-setting activities, and might instead try to develop proprietary standards. (11/19 (Schmalensee) Tr. at 146:6-23.) Moreover, since licensing through SSOs under the RAND commitment is at least for some entities an important component of profitability, reducing that component would reduce the incentive to innovate, and thereby slow the pace of innovation in the economy. (11/19 (Schmalensee) Tr. at 146:24-147:3.)

[ Update: I just came across an amicus brief that the FTC filed in December in the appeal in Apple v. Motorola, the one in Illinois where Judge Richard A. Posner dismissed both parties' claims. Technically, the FTC's brief is in support of neither party in the appeal, but as it happens, it sets forth the reasons why the FTC thinks nobody with a RAND patent should be able to ask for an injunction unless the potential licensee is willfully refusing to pay after a court order or arbitrator's ruling. Basically, the argument is that if you donate a patent to a standard, you give up the argument that royalties alone can't make you whole. Anyway, I thought you'd like to see it:

³ Commissioner Rosch concurs in the submission of this brief. He is of the view that the issuance of injunctive relief is inappropriate where the patent holder has made a FRAND commitment for a standard essential patent, even if the patentee contends that it has met its FRAND obligation. In his view, a FRAND pledge appears to be, by its very nature, a commitment to license; if so, seeking injunctive relief would be inconsistent with that commitment. Commissioner Rosch thus submits that if a court concludes that a party, or its predecessor in interest, made a FRAND commitment with respect to a SEP, an injunction should be denied for that patent. In his view, the only exception to this is when the licensee refuses to comply with the decision of a federal court or some other neutral arbitrator defining the FRAND terms.

I've done the Motorola Post-Trial Brief as text for you. I'd do Microsoft's too, but it's a 43-page tiff, and I can't do such a long document by hand. If anyone wishes to send it to me as text, I will add it, and I encourage you to read all four documents. For sure, you will understand the FRAND strategies of both sides after you do.

And here is Motorola's post-trial brief [PDF] as text:

***************************

The Honorable James L. Robart

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT SEATTLE

Plaintiff,

v.

MOTOROLA, INC., MOTOROLA MOBILITY
LLC, and GENERAL INSTRUMENT
CORPORATION,

Defendants.

__________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

II. SSOs AND THE RAND COMMITTMENT.....................................2

III. RAND SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY A HYPOTHETICAL BILATERAL
NEGOTIATION ....................................... 3

IV. THE PARTIES’ HYPOTHETICAL BILATERAL NEGOTIATION ............................... 4

A. Georgia Pacific Factor 1 -- Licensing Benchmarks ................. 4

1. Motorola’s 802.11 and H.264 Licenses Are the Best Benchmark.............. 4

2. Motorola’s 802.11 and H.264 Licenses Are Not Infected With Hold
Up And Do Not Contribute To A Stacking Problem.......................... 8 3. The Via Licensing and MPEG LA Patent Pools Are Poor
Comparables ................................................... 9

4. Microsoft’s “Confirmatory” Evidence Should be Disregarded ................ 12

1. Motorola’s 802.11 SEPs Are Technologically Valuable.......................... 14

2. Motorola’s 802.11 SEPs Are Important To Microsoft’s Products ........... 17

3. Motorola’s H.264 SEPs Are Technologically Valuable ........................... 20

4. Motorola’s H.264 SEPs Are Important to Microsoft’s Products .............. 22

5. The Technical Value of Microsoft’s H.264 SEPs..................................... 26

V. CONCLUSION............................................. 31

VI. MOTOROLA’S OCTOBER LETTERS WERE SENT IN GOOD FAITH..................... 32

i

TABLE OF CITATION ABBREVIATIONS

11/aa Tr. x:y-z - page x, lines y-z of the trial transcript of the indicated
date

Ex. - Trial Exhibit No.

Emphasis - Unless otherwise indicated, all emphasis is added

ii

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Page(s)

Badgett v. Security State Bank,
116 Wash.2d 563 (1991)...................................................................32

Boeing Co. v. United States,
86 Fed. Cl. 303 (2009) ........................................................................27

Cellco Partnership v. FCC,
No. 11-1135, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 24849 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 4, 2012) ...................................32

Cornell Univ. v. Hewlett-Packard Co.,
609 F. Supp. 2d 279 (N.D.N.Y. 2008).......................................................13

Dataquill Ltd v. HTC Corp.,
2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 138565 (S.D. Cal. 2011) ...........................................30

Dinkins v. Charoen Pokphand USA, Inc.,
133 F. Supp. 2d 1237 (M.D. Ala. 2001) ...............................................33

Edmonson v. Popchoi,
155 Wash. App. 376 (Ct. App. Div. 1, 2010) .......................................32

Harris v. Equilon Enters., LLC,
107 F. Supp. 2d 921 (S.D. Ohio 2000) ..........................................................32

J. Marymount, Inc. v. Bayer Healthcare, LLC,
No. 09-03110, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 118882 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 30, 2009) ............................33

King Instr. Corp. v. Perego,
65 F.3d 941 (Fed. Cir. 1995).....................................................................27

Lucent v. Gateway,
580 F.3d 1301 (Fed. Cir. 2009)...........................................................28

Marine Polymer Tech., Inc. v. Hemcon, Inc.,
672 F.3d 1350, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2012).................................................30

Mondis Tech., Ltd. v. LG Elecs., Inc.,
Nos. 2:07–CV–565–TJW–CE, 2011 WL 2417367 (E.D. Tex. June 14, 2011).......................27

Multimedia Patent Trust v. Apple,
10-CV-2618, 2012 WL 5873711 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2012)...................................................27

iii

Qwest Corp. v. Minnesota Public Utilities Comm’n,
684 F.3d 721 (8th Cir. 2012) ......................................................................32

ResQNet v. Lansa,
594 F.3d 860 (Fed. Cir. 2010)..............................................................4, 30

Riles v. Shell Explo. & Prod. Co.,
298 F.3d 1302 (Fed. Cir. 2002)....................................................................29

Studiengesellschaft Kohle, m.b.H. v. Dart Indus., Inc.,
862 F.2d 1564 (Fed. Cir. 1988)...............................................................30

Transitron Elec. Corp. v. Hughes Aircraft,
487 F. Supp. 885 (D. Mass. 1980) .........................................................34

Unisplay, S.A. v. Am. Elec. Sign Co., Inc.,
69 F.3d 512 (Fed. Cir. 1995)....................................................................29

iv

The Court faces difficult issues of first impression: (1) what methodology to use to determine a RAND rate, and (2) how to implement that methodology to determine RAND rates for a license to Microsoft of Motorola’s SEPs. To be as true as possible to what actually happens in the real world, the Court should recreate the licensing negotiation that would have taken place had Microsoft negotiated with Motorola in response to its October 2010 offer letters.

The focus of this bilateral negotiation should be on Motorola’s past licenses. As the Court heard from Motorola’s licensing expert, Charles Donohoe, these licenses are negotiated, market transactions that are the best evidence of how Motorola and third parties in the real world have valued Motorola’s portfolios when negotiating under a RAND commitment. These license rates reflect the balance, which Microsoft itself has recognized, between (1) the right of SEP holders not just to recoup their substantial investment in R&D, but to receive fair value for their patents; and (2) the right of implementers to obtain reasonable (but not de minimis) rates for use of a standard.

During trial, Motorola’s experts demonstrated that the reasonableness of the rates in Motorola’s licenses is confirmed by the importance of Motorola’s patented technology to the standards, and the value of the standardized technology to Microsoft’s products. As Motorola’s experts, Drs. Timothy Williams and Timothy Drabik, explained, Motorola’s patents are directed to core, fundamental features of both the 802.11 and H.264 standards. And as the Court learned from Mr. Michael Dansky, 802.11 and H.264 technology provides functionality in Microsoft’s products that consumers demand and that is critical for these products to succeed in the marketplace.

In stark contrast to Motorola’s “real-world” approach, Microsoft’s experts, inexperienced in licensing, dismiss Motorola’s bilaterally negotiated licenses in favor of the sub-market rates of patent pools. Microsoft’s experts justify their reliance on pools as a benchmark by supposed “hold up” and “stacking” problems. But the evidence shows that “hold up” and “stacking” are not problems with Motorola’s licenses or in the 802.11 and H.264 industries. There is no justification for ignoring the best evidence of value – Motorola’s past licenses to these same patents – and

1

The impact of forcing SEP holders to license at pool rates would be significant and long- lasting. These pools feature sub-market rates that heavily favor implementers and distribute royalties based on the number of patents a company has contributed to the pool, rather than on the actual value of a company’s patents. Thus, every patent, whether a fundamental contribution, or a mere “bozo tweak,” is rewarded equally. If an SEP holder with fundamental patents is forced to license its patents at “pool rates,” it will be unlikely to contribute them to the standard. Indeed, if companies like Motorola – which has invested $50 billion dollars over the past 20 years in R&D – are forced to license their SEPs for a fraction of their value, incentives for contributing to standards will be eliminated. See, e.g., Turner Tr. 75:3-9. This will result in less collaboration among high technology companies, slower progress in the development of technology, and weaker standards to the detriment of the industry and consumers alike. 11/19 Tr. 146:6-147:11.

II. SSOs AND THE RAND COMMITTMENT Standard Setting Organizations strive to create the best possible standards, which often require inclusion of patented technology. This creates two issues for SSOs: (1) encouraging patent holders to contribute valuable patented technology to a standard; while (2)ensuring that implementers will have access to that standard, regardless of any patent coverage. For decades, the RAND commitment established by SSO patent policies has worked successfully to balance the needs of patent holders and implementers in this regard, allowing patent holders to secure a reasonable return on their investment in developing patented technology, while assuring implementers that they will have access to a license on RAND terms.

The result has been broad participation in standards and incentives for innovation, resulting in adoption of robust standards in a variety of industries. Maintaining this balance is critical to the long-term success of standards. 11/13 Tr. 168:16-169:10. As Microsoft told the FTC:

Through balanced IPR policies that help make innovative technology available to implementers on reasonable terms, and that do not undercut the value of patented technology or overly burden patent holders, standards can help to

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catalyze innovation by encouraging companies to contribute their innovative technology to collaborative standards-setting activities and to share their intellectual property with others via the standardization process. Standards will not fulfill their salutary purposes if standards policies deter innovators from contributing patented technologies or investing in further innovation related to standardized technology. Ex. 2970 at 4-5.

The RAND commitment provides flexibility to allow SEP holders and implementers to determine RAND terms. 11/19 Tr. 62:19-63:12; 11/16 Tr. 65:15-66:2. While SSOs do not dictate any particular method of doing so, such terms are typically determined through bilateral negotiation. Ex. 2970 at 8 n.5, 14-15; 11/16 Tr. 137:21-138:6; 11/19 Tr.142:17-143:10; Heiner Tr. 33:6-8. Microsoft and its experts agree that bilateral negotiations can lead to RAND licenses. Ex 2970 at 7-8, 14-15; 11/13 Tr. 181:12-15; 11/16 Tr. 138:7-18.

III. RAND SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY A HYPOTHETICAL BILATERAL
NEGOTIATION

In its Daubert Order, the Court observed that it “must employ a methodology which in some way reconstructs the negotiation that would have taken place between Microsoft and Motorola.” Dkt. No. 490 at 22. As Motorola’s economist, Dr. Richard Schmalensee, explained, the most appropriate way to reconstruct that negotiation is to use a modified form of the well- known Georgia-Pacific hypothetical negotiation. 11/19 Tr. 149:16-150:17, 177:7-179:19.

Georgia-Pacific provides an established, reliable framework for simulating a real-world negotiation in damages cases – a helpful analog for RAND licensing. Moreover, as the Court observed, the Federal Circuit “has consistently sanctioned the use of the Georgia-Pacific factors ‘to frame the reasonable royalty inquiry.’” Dkt. No. 490 at 13. The Court also noted that “other courts have spoken to the applicability of the Georgia-Pacific factors in determining a reasonable royalty in the RAND context.” Id. Indeed, there is significant support in the literature for employing a methodology like Georgia-Pacific to determine RAND terms. Dkt. No. 409 at 3, n5.

Microsoft, in contrast, advocates determining RAND terms using a theoretical multilateral ex ante framework. But the fundamental flaw with this approach is that it is premised on the

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IV. THE PARTIES’ HYPOTHETICAL BILATERAL NEGOTIATION

A. Georgia Pacific Factor 1 -- Licensing Benchmarks

Professor Hovenkamp’s recent article endorses use of Motorola’s licenses to determine RAND.² Although he concedes that “computing FRAND royalties . . . is not easy,” he agrees that it is “much easier” when “the FRAND-encumbered patent has been licensed to others, thus creating a ‘yardstick’ for measuring future royalties.” Id. at 8. Thus, Prof. Hovenkamp agrees that, where licenses are available, they should be the foundation for determining a RAND rate.

1. Motorola’s 802.11 and H.264 Licenses Are the Best Benchmark

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Motorola’s RAND licenses are complex agreements resulting from the exchange of sensitive business information during extensive good-faith negotiations. 11/20 Tr. 45-47, 119- 121. Through the negotiation process, Motorola and its licensees are able to determine which way any balancing payments should flow, whether any caps should apply, how other non-monetary compensation will be paid, and whether additional portfolios will be selected under Motorola’s “no stacking policy.” 11/20 Tr. 136:15-137:4; PFF 33-37.

As is typical in the industry, Motorola requires a cross license under its licensee’s SEPs to protect its own product business. 11/20 Tr. 34:14-24. This requirement is compliant with RAND. In fact, Motorola’s LOAs with the ITU explicitly condition Motorola’s RAND obligation on a grant back license. 11/20 Tr. 33:12-34:17; Ex. 2838 at 2. Without a grant-back, Motorola does not owe a RAND obligation to a prospective licensee.

[Redacted] During negotiations, VTech requested a license under Motorola’s 802.11 and H.264 portfolios to “give

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[Redacted]

Mr. Donohoe testified that the Symbol licenses confirm his conclusions regarding the range of RAND rates for Motorola's SEPs. In 2007, Motorola acquired Symbol Technologies.

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Microsoft's experts argued that the [redacted] and [redacted] licenses are not appropriate benchmarks because, under Motorola's "no stacking" policy, it is difficult to apportion the royalties amoung the various licensed portfolios. But a closer examination of these agreements refutes that position. [Redacted.]

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2. Motorola’s 802.11 and H.264 Licenses Are Not Infected With Hold Up
And Do Not Contribute To A Stacking Problem

Microsoft similarly presented no specific evidence of a stacking problem in the 802.11 or H.264 industries generally. 11/13 Tr. 177:14-179:14; 11/16 Tr. 66:3-23, 139:10-141:15.⁴ As Dr. Schmalensee explained, while the economic literature recognizes royalty stacking as a theoretical concern, no actual stacking problem has been observed because, for example: (1) many SEP holders retain their patents for defensive purposes and do not license them; (2) stacking is taken into consideration during negotiations; and (3) parties tend to be reasonable because of the repeated and reciprocal nature of licensing. Id. at 148:8-18, 173:13-175:10; see also 11/19 Tr.

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Microsoft relies on two 2006 proposals submitted by Motorola and others to an unrelated standards body (ETSI) for an unrelated technology (cellular) to try to substantiate its purported stacking concern. Exs.1031, 1033. The first proposal suggested “introduce[ing] the principles of aggregated reasonable terms and proportionality into the [ETSI] FRAND definition.” Ex. 1031 at § 6; 11/16 Tr. 77:12-20. This proposed revision was rejected. 11/16 Tr. 68-70. Motorola’s second proposal, which related to a proposed cellular patent pool, was also rejected. Notably, even without these changes being implemented, a cellular stacking problem has not materialized and cellular technology has enjoyed widespread, worldwide success. PFF 129-30. If anything, the history of these proposals confirms that the concepts of aggregate reasonable terms/proportionality and patent pooling are not necessary to prevent stacking problems.

3. The Via Licensing and MPEG LA Patent Pools Are Poor Comparables

The characteristics of these pools make them poor comparables. Pool licenses are fundamentally different from and serve a different purpose than SSOs and bilaterally negotiated licenses. PFF 143-46. Microsoft’s experts tried to justify reliance on these pools by attempting to find similarities between SSOs and patent pools. But Microsoft’s own Gary Sullivan, who helped lead the development of the H.264/AVC standard, refutes this false comparison:

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Do not mix up the notion of patent pools and open standards organizations. They have NOTHING to do with each other. Open standards organizations (e.g., ITU- T, ISO, IEC) have NO OPINION whatsoever on specific licensing terms and they do not force anyone to join any pool and have no relationship whatsoever with any pools that do form. Ex. 2345; 11/14 Tr. 37:4-40:2.⁵

Here, the Court is determining a RAND rate for a bilaterally negotiated license to Motorola’s patents based on the unique circumstances of Motorola and Microsoft. In contrast, the MPEG LA and Via Licensing pools do not include Motorola’s patents and were negotiated by multiple parties based on their collective circumstances (and the desire for low rates to stimulate pool membership). Moreover, Microsoft is relying on these pools as proxies for its proposed multilateral ex ante negotiation, but these pools are neither fully multilateral nor ex ante. PFF 164-172. The Via Licensing pool has been unable over seven years to attract a meaningful number of licensors or licensees and is effectively a failure. PFF 179-84. Indeed, Microsoft told Via Licensing that it did not want to join because it preferred to license bilaterally, outside of the pool – exactly Motorola’s position. 11/18 Tr. 152:5-155:19; Ex. 3194. And Dr. Lynde testified in a prior engagement for Fujitsu that a reasonable royalty for an 802.11 SEP would be higher than the Via Licensing pool rate – as much as 500% or more higher. 11/16 Tr. 175:13-176:17.⁶

Microsoft’s pools ignore patent value. These pools also are poor comparables because they ignore the actual value and technical merit of patents and, instead, value all patents equally. This contradicts directly Microsoft’s economic theories advanced at trial that “a RAND royalty must reflect the economic value of the patented technology” (11/13 Tr. 151:24-25, 153:1-10) and

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Microsoft’s pools were not designed to maximize return. As the Court recognized, “[t]he motivation of someone joining the pool and setting a pool rate is not the same as Motorola’s motivation, which is to maximize its return.” 10/18/12 Hr’g Tr. at 40. Indeed, the sub-market rates of the MPEG LA pool were motivated by a desire to limit royalty exposure for implementers, not to maximize return. Garrett Glanz, a Microsoft in-house attorney, confirmed that Microsoft lobbied actively for low rates and annual caps to protect its OEM customers and to limit the cost to Microsoft of integrating H.264 into PCs. 11/13 Tr. 97:6-99:16; Ex. 2961.⁸ When these efforts were successful, it was lauded as a “business win.” Ex. 2359 at 5; 11/13 Tr. 99:4-16, 104:12- 105:19. Microsoft’s Dean Hachamovitch, a Vice President, confirmed that “revenue play[ed] no part in our decision” to join the pool. Ex. 2840 at 2. Instead, Microsoft sought to maximize its profits by selling as many H.264 products as possible that were clear of infringement claims.

Patent pools are voluntary organizations that companies should not be forced to join. It is not unRAND for a company to reject a pool and seek “higher reasonable rates” outside of the pool. 11/13 Tr. 101:11-18; id. at 98:7-12; 11/16 Tr. 139:18-22, 151:7-13. As recognized by Dr. Lynde, the higher the value of a patent owner’s SEPs and the more capable its licensing program,

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4. Microsoft’s “Confirmatory” Evidence Should be Disregarded

Royalties Earned by ARM Holdings Are Not Reflective of a RAND Royalty for Motorola’s 802.11 SEPs. Although Microsoft’s Dr. Lynde purportedly relied on ARM’s licensing program as a benchmark, he never read the license agreement that ARM uses in that program (11/16 Tr. 160:20-161:14), never familiarized himself with the agreement’s restrictions on the scope of license (id. at 161:15-22), and presented no evidence regarding the number or nature of any patents covered by the agreement. He similarly did not know whether the license covers only ASICs made with ARM tools, and admitted that if so, the license could be “quite a bit less valuable” than an unrestricted patent license. Finally, Dr. Lynde conceded that the ARM license “is not a comparable to a multilateral ex ante negotiation....” 11/16 Tr. 160:13-15.

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Marvell’s 802.11 Chipset Is Not the Smallest Saleable Unit and Does Not Constrain a RAND Royalty for Motorola’s 802.11 Patents. Dr. Lynde testified that application of Motorola’s 2.25% rate to the price of the Marvell chipset would produce a royalty rate that corroborates the RAND rate that he calculated for Motorola’s patents. Id. at 119:20-120:4. As explained below (see Section IV.B.2, infra), the economic value of Motorola’s 802.11 technology is best measured by the value it provides to the user – not by the price of the Marvell chip. Moreover, it is incorrect that Marvell’s chipset, operating alone, practices each and every claim of the Motorola 802.11 patents. Id. at 158:3-10; see, e.g., Cornell Univ. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 609 F. Supp. 2d 279, 283, 288 (N.D.N.Y. 2008) (describing the “smallest salable unit” as the “patent-practicing unit,” the “infringing unit,” and the “unit incorporating [the patented] invention”). In fact, exactly the opposite was established by both Motorola’s Dr. Williams (11/19 Tr. 71:12-13, 132:13-133:5) and Microsoft’s Mr. Del Castillo (11/15 Tr. 25:15-19, [redacted]). According to a Microsoft engineer,

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B. Georgia-Pacific Factors 6, 8, 9 and 13 – Motorola’s SEPs are Important to
802.11 and H.264 Standards and to Microsoft’s Current and Future Products

1. Motorola’s 802.11 SEPs Are Technologically Valuable

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• Network Setup: 6,069,896 (Borgstahl, Ex. 171) and 6,331,972 (Harris, Ex. 177). In 802.11, wireless connections must first be established by a predetermined exchange of control information between a wireless “station” (e.g., smartphone or Xbox) and an “access point” (e.g., a Wi-Fi router connected to the Internet) before any further communication can occur. 11/19 Tr. 84:19-20, 85:2-86:2.

• Channel Access Management: 5,142,533 (Crisler, Ex. 148) covers the situations where more than one 802.11 station has established a connection to an access point. 802.11 communication is such that only one station may communicate at any one point in time. To determine when an 802.11-compliant device should transmit, Crisler implements a “listen before you talk” process. This technique enables multiple 802.11 devices to share the channel efficiently. 11/19 Tr. 84:21-23, 86:3-23, 105:11-13.

• Data Modulation Techniques: Five patents – 6,473,449 (Cafarella, Ex. 180); 5,329,547 (Ling, Ex. 156); 5,822,359 (Bruckert. Ex. 170); 5,519,730 (Jasper. Ex. 164); and 5,272,724 (Solomon, Ex. 151) – relate to basic aspects of the sophisticated modulation techniques used in 802.11. Different combinations of these patents are used depending on whether the 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, or 802.11n version of the standard is being used. 11/19 Tr. 84:23-24, 86:24-87:22.

• Security and Encryption: 5,357,571 (Banwart, Ex. 157), 5,467,398 (Pierce, Ex. 161), and 5,689,563 (Brown, Ex. 169). Any practical implementation of 802.11 must provide compliant security for the communication to prevent eavesdropping and ensure authentic communication. 11/19 Tr. 84:24-85:1, 87:23-88:19.

• 6,404,772 (Beach, Ex. 179), required by access point devices, is directed to core aspects of channel access management. 11/19 Tr. 79:23-24.

• 6,038,263 (Kotzin, Ex. 383) covers MIMO technology used in 802.11n devices, and is rapidly increasing in importance and value. 11/19 Tr. 79:5-9, 24-25.

• 5,412,722 (Sherly, Ex. 160) covers important aspects of group key encryption. 11/19 Tr. 80:1.

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• Power Management: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,029,183 (Tymes, Ex. 2013) and 5,479,441 (Kramer, Ex. 2014) (members of the same family); 5,560,021 (Vook, Ex. 166); and 6,236,674 (Morelli, Ex. 2016), concerning power management, are important for battery-powered portable devices. 11/19 Tr. 80:6-15.

• Low Density Parity Check Codes: 7,143,333 and 7,165,205 (Blankenship, Exs. 181, 183) and 7,493,548 (Nimbalker, Ex. 2019) relate to “LDPC” codes. LDPC codes correct communication errors caused by noise or interference, and are expected to be mandatory in the near future. 11/19 Tr. 80:15-17.

• Data Fragmentation, Fast Transitions, Networking: 5,311,516 (Kuznicki, Ex. 154) (Data Fragmentation); 7,236,477 (Emeott, Ex. 101) (Fast Transitions); and 7,197,016 (Belcea, Ex. 100) (Mesh Networking). 11/19 Tr. 80:6-19.

Significantly, none of Microsoft’s purported alternatives to the 802.11 technologies covered by the Motorola’s essential patents were, in fact, credible, acceptable alternatives. None were shown to have been actually considered for implementation by the IEEE. Nor was it shown how any purported alternative would or could have been implemented in the Standard and, if implemented, how the Standard would have had to be further amended or rewritten, and what technological or commercial advantages or disadvantages would have resulted. Nor was it shown that any alleged alternative actually would have fallen outside the scope of the Motorola patent that it purports to replace. 11/19 Tr. 71:17-19, 102:17-106:4. Indeed, Dr. Gibson admitted that he was wrong as to at least one alleged alternative. 11/15 Tr. 169:14-175:12. Another alternative was based on his undergraduate textbook, whereas the technology of the standard requires far

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The testimony of Marvell’s Jennifer Ochs confirms Dr. Williams’ opinion that Motorola’s 802.11 patents are valuable. She testified that Marvell has a “very valuable” 802.11 portfolio of “a few hundred patents” and yet offered to enter into a zero-zero cross-license with Motorola for its 802.11 patents. 11/14 Tr. 64, 76-77.

2. Motorola’s 802.11 SEPs Are Important To Microsoft’s Products

Dr. Gibson attempted to discount the value of Borgstahl and Harris by asserting that those patents relate only to “peer-to-peer” devices, and that therefore the Xbox products do not use those patents. 11/15 Tr. 109:11-110:14. But Dr. Gibson admitted on cross that the asserted claims do not include any “peer-to-peer” language, and Dr. Williams pointed out that Dr. Gibson was attempting to improperly import an illustrative embodiment disclosed in those patents into claims that impose no peer-to-peer limitation.¹⁵ 11/15 Tr. 192:11-193:19; 11/19 Tr. 95:12-21. Dr. Gibson also deemed as “not relevant” Ling, Cafarella and Bruckert because they relate to the 802.11b and 802.11g modulation schemes, which he characterized as slower “legacy” modes of operation. 11/15 Tr. 110:15-112:1. Dr. Williams refuted this, too, pointing out that the 802.11 Standard requires these modes to be supported. This support allows for 802.11n devices to be backward compatible with 802.11b and 802.11g devices, allowing newer 802.11 devices to work with older ones, and for all devices in a network to “fall back” to the b- or g- modes when

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Microsoft’s expert also attempted to dismiss Motorola’s security SEPs, arguing that the Xbox’s own end-to-end security rendered the security provisions of the standard not relevant to the Xbox. 11/15 Tr. 112:2-114:14. But this end-to-end security is limited to communications between two Xboxes or between an Xbox and an Xbox Live service. It does not encrypt and secure other communications, such as when using Internet Explorer to surf the Internet on the Xbox. Id. 181:6-185:15, 26:16-22, 27:16-28:1, [redacted]. Further, Wi-Fi certification is critical to the marketability of the Xbox, and certification is conditioned on compliance with the security provisions of the 802.11 Standard, which in turn requires use of Motorola’s patents. If an Xbox is being used with a Wi-Fi access point that is set for 802.11 security, the Xbox must be set to function at that same level of security. Id. 175:23-177:20, 180:10-13; 11/19 Tr. 96:23-97:8. This is a common occurrence in the ordinary home environment in which the Xbox is used.¹⁶

There is no doubt that the ability to communicate via the 802.11 Wi-Fi Standard and obtaining Wi-Fi certification are crucial to the marketability of the Xbox. There has been a steady trend in recent years to provide Wi-Fi in consumer and business products, and it has become a customer expectation. 11/15/12 Tr. 46:13-19, [redacted], 86:3-89:20, 92:9-93:11. Microsoft’s Xbox is no exception to this trend. As stated by a Microsoft engineer, Wi-Fi certification “is a key and very important marketing lever we have with our competition and not having the 802.11b/g/n Wi- Fi logo is not an option.” Ex. 3145 at 1. Prior to integrating Wi-Fi in the Xbox 360 console, Microsoft acknowledged its concerns that the Xbox 360 would “appear dated” when compared to the competing consoles from Sony and Nintendo, which included integrated Wi-Fi, and that this [redacted] 11/15 Tr. 42:18-44:22;

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In addition, Microsoft understood the importance of providing 802.11n connectivity to existing Xbox 360 owners, and in parallel developed the “Omni N” wireless adapter for sale as an add-on accessory. [Redacted] Microsoft sold its wireless adapter, which was directed solely to providing improved wireless functionality for $99.99, despite its cost of goods sold of less than $15. 11/15 Tr. 25:20-25, 50:12-17, 51:7-25, 53:3-14; [redacted]

Following launch in 2010 of the Xbox 360 S (with its now-integrated Wi-Fi) and the Omni N adapter, Microsoft regained the top market share, where it remains today. 11/15/12 Tr. 214:25- 215:5; Ex. 2451. Microsoft has admitted that “most homes do not have wired networks today. When you go into a home, if they have a connection, it’s going to be WiFi, because it’s the easiest to set up.” 11/15/12 Tr. 78:2-4. Indeed, without 802.11, it “would probably be difficult” to sell the Xbox 360 today. Penello Depo Tr. 71:10-14; see also [redacted]

Recently, Microsoft has focused on a strategy to “own the living room” by positioning the Xbox as a digital multimedia hub at the center of home entertainment. 11/15/12 Tr. 54:7-13, 56:10-15; 11/19/12 Tr. 217:10-218:4; Exs. 2265 at 2-4, [redacted]. Wi-Fi is a critical part of this strategy, as it “opens up the world for all the other features that you can get to,” such as multiplayer video games, and bandwidth-intensive content like HD video available, for example, through Xbox LIVE subscriptions. 11/15/12 Tr. 46:20-25; [redacted,

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Microsoft’s new Surface tablet uses only 802.11, instead of cellular or wired connections, to connect to the Internet. 11/13 Tr. 41:9-20, 52:11-18. Critically, without 802.11 capability, the Surface tablet would be unable to compete in the market, because consumers purchase tablets with the intention of accessing online content frequently. Ex. 2718 at 1.

3. Motorola’s H.264 SEPs Are Technologically Valuable

• Krause and Wu Patent Families: 5,235,419 (Krause, Ex. 270) is technically valuable because it relates to a fundamental prediction technique that compares a plurality of motion compensators to find the one that results in the most compression. 11/19 Tr. 27:22-28:17; PFF 450-52. 5,376,968 (Wu, Ex.283) is technically valuable because it relates to a fundamental prediction technique that provides greater flexibility in adaptively choosing compression modes, which leads to greater efficiency. 11/19 Tr. 29:2-22; PFF 457-59.

• Eifrig Patent Family: 6,005,980 (Ex. 268) is technically valuable because it generates a predictor motion vector, which significantly improves coding gain over other choices of blocks for motion vector prediction. 11/19 Tr. 30; 11/16 Tr. 200:2-202:11; PFF 464-67.

• MBAFF Patent Family: 6,980,596, 7,310,374, 7,310,375, 7,310,376, 7,310,377, 7,421,025, 7,477,690, and 7,817,718 (Exs. 271-278) are directed to a “main innovative feature” of H.264 – macroblock adaptive frame/field (“MBAFF”) coding – that is technically valuable because it provides substantial coding gain through the use of macroblock pairs, which permit prediction on all seven block sizes in frame and field mode. 11/19 Tr. 30:24-32:3; Ex. 574 at 136-37. The JVT adopted MBAFF after third party coding experts confirmed that it outperformed the alternative in the draft Standard by “up to about 18%.” 11/16 Tr. 205-10; Exs. 674 at 1, 2209, 2274, 2227; PFF 473-79.

• PAFF Patent Family: 7,769,087, 7,660,353, and 7,839,931 (Exs. 280-82) are directed to improving a technique called “PAFF” – coding on a picture-by-picture basis. They are technically valuable because they provide substantial coding gain by applying PAFF to “bi-predicted” pictures (i.e., pictures having 2 motion vectors), through flexibility not found in prior PAFF methods. 11/16 Tr. 210-212; 11/19 Tr. 32; Ex. 654 at 5; PFF 486-90.

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• Scan Patent Family: 7,162,094 and 6,987,888 (Exs. 265-66) are technically valuable because they relate to 4x4 and 8x8 scans, which were adopted into the Standard after the JVT confirmed they outperformed alternatives by “up to about 7%.” 11/16 Tr. 213-15; 11/19 Tr. 33; Exs. 675 at 1, 2281 at 4-5, 710; PFF 496-500.

Microsoft discounts the value of Motorola’s patents by asserting that “comparable” technologies were available. Many of these technologies, however, were considered during the development of the Standard and did not provide the efficiency gains that the JVT experts sought to achieve. For example, Microsoft points to scans submitted by Sony as alleged alternatives to Motorola’s Scan Family. But the JVT determined that Sony “[n]eed[ed] to demonstrate larger gain for acceptance.” Ex. 2216 at 28; 11/16 Tr. 215-16. Ultimately, Sony itself, and others, actually recommended the adoption of Motorola’s scans. Exs. 710, 2281 at 1; 11/16 Tr. 213-16. Similarly, the alleged alternative to Motorola’s MBAFF and PAFF Families – applying AFF to single macroblocks – was characterized as “need[ing] more work” and was abandoned. Ex. 3382 at 7; 11/16 Tr. 203-07. Likewise, for the Eifrig Family, the JVT adopted Motorola’s solution as the default for calculating predictor motion vectors, because other choices did not give as good performance. 11/16 Tr. 200-02. Finally, for the Krause and Wu Families, Microsoft has not shown that any alleged alternative was considered, or how it could have been implemented in the Standard. And, even if they had been considered, each of the purported alternatives would have

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4. Motorola’s H.264 SEPs Are Important to Microsoft’s Products

Microsoft’s Products Play Progressive and Interlaced H.264 Video. Microsoft’s H.264-

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Originally, Microsoft's General Manager of Xbox, Leonardo Del Castillo, testified that Xbox's Internet Explorer did not support interlaced H.264 video. 11/15 Tr. 22:23-23:4. But Microsoft recanted Mr. Del Castillo's statement in a letter to the Court:

After Dr. Drabik's testimony to the contrary, we went back to Mr. Del Castillo, and he checked with internal Microsoft resources and tried the search Dr. Drabik identified. Mr. Del Castillo determined that he had been misinformed. Xbox's Internet Explorer browser will play interlaced-coded H.264 video from the Internet if it encounters such content. Microsoft wanted to inform the Court and correct the record." Ex. 3448.

The Windows H.264 decoder plays progressive and interlaced H.264 content from a variety of sources, including the Internet, TV and camcorders. Exs. [redacted], 2738; 1408 at 409, 412; 11/14 Tr. 153:2-154:2, 159:15-23. Microsoft's V.P. for Windows, Jon DeVaan, testified that Windows Media Player and Internet Explorer use the Windows H.264 decoder to decode

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Microsoft Added H.264 Support in Response to Consumer Demand. Mr. Del Castillo admitted that Microsoft markets the Xbox as the “all-in-one entertainment hub,” and that “the living room is very important” to the Xbox, where “there’s a high volume of consumption of digital goods and services.” 11/15 Tr. 54:23-56:1; Exs. 2265 at 2-3, 2161. Before the Xbox supported H.264, it was criticized as having “crippled” video playback. Ex. 2572 at 3. [Redacted.] 11/15 Tr. 34.²² When Microsoft added H.264 support, it was applauded as putting Microsoft “at the head of the pack.” Ex. 2724. H.264 support, including for interlaced, continues to be important to Microsoft. [Redacted.] 11/14 Tr. 162:5-8. PFF 585-601.

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Interlaced Video Is Ubiquitous and Important to Microsoft’s Products. Microsoft’s assertions that interlaced video “is very rare” and “not very important” in H.264 are contradicted by the record. In 2001-2002, third parties stated that “it is important to make sure that H.26L [draft of H.264] has adequate syntax to support the interlace needs for video.” Exs. 782 at 1, 653 at 1. And, as recently as July 2012, seven companies (NBC, HBO, CBS, CBC, MMI, Comcast and Cable Labs) submitted to MPEG that “interlaced scan formats remain ubiquitous” and “in order to achieve commercial success, new compression standards should continue to efficiently support interlaced formats for the foreseeable future.” Ex. 2342; 11/20 Tr. 20:6-21:5. Microsoft’s own documents admit the importance of interlaced. The Windows support website states that “interlaced” is a feature “of increasing importance, as support for Windows Media-based content spreads to DVD players, set-top boxes, and other home electronics.” Ex. 2768. Microsoft also

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5. The Technical Value of Microsoft’s H.264 SEPs

C. Georgia-Pacific Factor 15 -- The Hypothetical Negotiation²³ Mr. Donohoe relied upon the evidence adduced at trial and the opinions of the experts on his “negotiating team” to simulate a bilateral negotiation and opine on a range of RAND rates for Motorola’s patents. Notably, Microsoft’s experts, who collectively lack any meaningful negotiating experience of their own, failed to present their own affirmative evidence regarding the outcome of a hypothetical bilateral negotiation and presented no opinion as to the nature of the rate that would result from the consideration of relevant Georgia-Pacific factors.

Net Selling Price Is The Most Appropriate Royalty Base. Motorola’s standard offer and nearly all of its SEP licenses with a running royalty have used the net selling price of licensed end

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Motorola’s practice – endorsed by SSOs and by industry practice – of using net selling price necessarily informs what the royalty base would be in the hypothetical negotiation, because this is what has been done in prior real-world negotiations involving Motorola’s patents. See, e.g., Multimedia Patent Trust v. Apple, 10-CV-2618, 2012 WL 5873711, at *6 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2012) (“[T]he use of the accused products’ entire market value as a royalty base can be economically justified where sophisticated parties have entered into agreements that base the value of the patented invention as a percentage of the commercial products’ sale price.”); see also Boeing Co. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 303, 319-20 (2009); Mondis Tech., Ltd. v. LG Elecs., Inc., Nos. 2:07–CV–565–TJW–CE, 2011 WL 2417367, at *3 (E.D. Tex. June 14, 2011).

Microsoft’s experts argue that net selling price is inappropriate as a royalty base because, for example, the royalty for 802.11 would exceed the price of the chip that contributes much of the 802.11 functionality in the Xbox. But the Federal Circuit has recognized that “the economic value of a patent may be greater than the value of the sales of the patented part alone.” King Instr. Corp. v. Perego, 65 F.3d 941, 950 n.4 (Fed. Cir. 1995). That is precisely the case here – the value of Wi-Fi to the Xbox cannot be measured by the price of the Marvell chip. Rather, its economic value is based on the value of the functionality it provides to the end user. As explained above, Wi-Fi functionality is a critical feature in the Xbox that imparts significant value to the end user.

Microsoft’s experts next urge that a per-unit royalty must be used because net selling price may capture the value of non-patented components. See, e.g., 11/16 Tr. 82:3-11. But the Court has previously stated that it “does not agree with Microsoft that it is always facially unreasonable

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This is best demonstrated by an example. Assuming a 2.25% royalty, Microsoft would owe a royalty of $4.50 on a $200 Xbox with a 4 GB hard drive and $9.00 on a $400 Xbox with a 256 GB hard drive even though both have the same Wi-Fi functionality. But the user of the $200 Xbox will quickly fill his 4 GB hard drive. In contrast, the user of the Xbox with the 256 GB hard drive has more storage space and can more fully utilize the Xbox, for example, by wirelessly downloading additional games and videos. Thus, the 802.11 functionality provides more value to the end user of the $400 Xbox and justifies a higher royalty.²⁴

The use of net selling price of the Xbox is an appropriate royalty when considering that Microsoft realizes significant additional revenue streams through the use of 802.11 and H.264 by the Xbox that is not subject to a royalty payment. [Redacted.] Many users download and play games and access Xbox LIVE through a Wi-Fi connection. Thus, the Xbox’s Wi-Fi capability unlocks this additional content for users (and thus additional revenue for Microsoft that is not subject to a royalty).

The Entire Market Value Rule (“EMVR”) Is Not Relevant to RAND Negotiations. Microsoft argues that the EMVR precludes the use of net selling price as a licensing royalty base. But the EMVR is a rule used in determining patent infringement damages. While Microsoft has repeatedly advocated that the EMVR should be extended to licensing, Microsoft has presented no

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This case is a real-world example demonstrating why: In October 2010, the Xbox was the only Microsoft Wi-Fi product with significant sales. But recently, Microsoft introduced its Surface Tablet, which relies on 802.11 as its sole means to connect to the Internet. And apparently, Microsoft is now working on its own smartphone, which will undoubtedly have Wi-Fi. A RAND rate set using the EMVR in the context of the Xbox alone would not be appropriate for the Surface and other future products. Indeed, as Dr. Lynde admitted, a royalty rate can be RAND even if not calculated pursuant to the EMVR. 11/16 Tr. 169: 6-8, 173:21-174:5.²⁵

Even if the Court believes the EMVR might have some applicability in the licensing context, using net selling price as the royalty base is appropriate in this case based on Motorola’s prior licensing practice. Indeed, this Court has found that there is no “per se rule that a royalty rate may never be applied to the entire product price without satisfaction of the entire market value rule” and “[c]onsistent with the statements in Gateway, district courts have permitted license agreements based on the entire product value as evidence of a reasonable royalty rate despite a lack of showing that the patented feature formed the ‘basis for customer demand.’” Dkt. 490 at 17. Here, Motorola’s established licensing practice of using net selling price dictates that the EMVR should not be applied in determining RAND in this case. See Riles v. Shell Explo. & Prod. Co., 298 F.3d 1302, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (finding expert improperly “ignored [patentee’s] established licensing practice” when considering royalty rate); Unisplay, S.A. v. Am. Elec. Sign

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Moreover, Motorola submits that the EMVR has been satisfied at least with respect to the Xbox’s and Surface’s use of 802.11. As explained in detail above, Wi-Fi in the Xbox is expected by customers and is key to its competitive positioning. Similarly, Wi-Fi is vital to the Surface because it has no other way of connecting to the Internet. See, e.g., Dataquill Ltd v. HTC Corp., 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 138565, at *78-80 (S.D. Cal. 2011) (stating that a reasonable jury could find the EMVR satisfied because the patented technology was “vital” to the defendant’s “competitive position in the marketplace”); see also Marine Polymer Tech., Inc. v. Hemcon, Inc., 672 F.3d 1350, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (finding EMVR satisfied because of the importance of the patented technology to the infringing product and its significance on market demand).

The RAND Rate and Range for a License Between the Parties. With respect to Motorola’s 802.11 SEPs, consistent with industry practice, SSO policy, Motorola’s own licenses, and Motorola’s offers in this case, Mr. Donohoe concluded that the parties would have negotiated a cross-license and, as part of that, would calculate a balancing payment based on the relative strength of one another’s portfolio as compared to their respective exposures. 11/20 Tr. 133:23- 134:14, 136:15-137:4, 142:5-22. [redacted],²⁶ the technical testimony of Dr. Williams and the valuation analysis conducted by Mr. Dansky, Mr. Donohoe concluded that Motorola’s portfolio would be valued at 2.25% of the end product price. Microsoft’s 802.11 portfolio, which was significantly smaller and is directed to ancillary features in the standard (and Motorola’s products), would be conservatively valued at between 0.25% and 0.5%. Using these values and the relative exposures of one another’s 802.11-compliant products,

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With respect to Motorola’s H.264 SEPs, Mr. Donohoe similarly concluded that the parties would negotiate bilaterally for a cross-license to one another’s H.264 SEPs. [Redacted], the testimony of Dr. Drabik and the valuation analysis conducted by Mr. Dansky, Mr. Donohoe concluded that Motorola’s portfolio would be valued at 2.25% of Windows 7. Based on the relative strength of Microsoft’s H.264 portfolio, Mr. Donohoe concluded that Microsoft would also be credited with 2.25% for its own portfolio. After computing a balancing payment, he concluded that Motorola would be willing to cap annual Microsoft payments at between $100 and $125 million, [redacted] After converting this to a running royalty, the RAND rate for Motorola’s H.264 essential patents would be about $0.50 to $0.63 per-unit. 11/20 Tr. 146:9-10. If left as a per unit percentage, this would equate to “a rate of 0.68 percent to 0.84 percent as the royalty rate on the ... Windows 7 product.” Id. 146:11-13.

V. CONCLUSION

Messrs. Dailey’s and Donohoe’s testimony establishes that, had Microsoft responded to Motorola’s October 2010 initial offer letters by negotiating in good faith, the parties would have agreed to the foregoing percentage royalty rates and annual caps, which are within the RAND range for these portfolios. Motorola’s standard offer and licensing history confirm that the RAND range for Motorola’s 802.11 and H.264 portfolios – before adjustments for a particular licensing negotiation as here – extends up to 2.25% of the end product price. This conclusion is dictated by Motorola’s history of making this offer for these portfolios [redacted] and its conclusion of licenses – [redacted] – in which Motorola adjusted its standard rate in light of the licensee’s portfolio in the ultimate cross-license.

* * *

At the conclusion of trial, the Court requested that the parties address the “legal basis for a high and a low range in a good faith contract negotiation.” 11/20 Tr. 169:21-23. Specifically, the Court was interested in “what constitutes a good-faith range” and “is the high in a good faith range a multiple of three times the final number? Or is it not so unreasonably . . . unrelated to reality that it shocks the conscience.” Id. 171:8-11. Motorola has been unable to identify cases in this Circuit (or elsewhere) that address these questions directly. However, Motorola has identified authority that informs whether an offer is reasonable.

Washington law recognizes in nearly every contract an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing. Edmonson v. Popchoi, 155 Wash. App. 376, 386 (Ct. App. Div. 1 2010), aff’d, 172 Wash. 2d 272 (2011); Badgett v. Security State Bank, 116 Wash.2d 563, 569 (1991). The duty of good faith generally requires contractual parties to cooperate in view of their agreed common purpose and each other’s justified expectations. See Edmonson v. Popchoi, 155 Wash. App. at 783–86 (noting duty requires “mutual cooperation so that each party may enjoy the full benefit of performance”). There is no “free-floating duty of good faith unattached to the underlying legal document.” Badgett, 166 Wash.2d at 570. Thus, Washington courts therefore look to the terms of the contract to determine whether the duty of good faith has been breached.

The reasonableness of an offer cannot be determined based on a bright-line test. See, e.g., Cellco Partnership v. FCC, No. 11-1135, 2012 U.S. App. LEXIS 24849, at *34-35 (D.C. Cir. Dec. 4, 2012) (stating that the 16 factors provided by the “data roaming rule” to evaluate whether a rate is commercially reasonable provides “considerable flexibility” and “largely leaves the terms . . . up for negotiation.”).²⁷ Rather than imposing specific numerical constraints when evaluating the

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Even if the court accepted CP’s position that EEOC’s initial proposal was somewhat excessive, the court would not find in CP’s favor. EEOC needs never present an initial offer that is acceptable to an employer. A well-recognized negotiations tactic is to ‘open high’ and leave room for integrative solutions. [n18 ‘Every litigator knows that few cases can be settled with a single offer, because even if the first offer is reasonable the offeree seldom believes that the opening offer is the final offer. In fact, litigators are expressly advised to start with an inflated demand or a stingy offer in order to leave room for further bargaining.’] During the bargaining process, positions give way to interests; assertions of power and rights dissolve into searches for common ground.

The inapplicability of a bright-line rule is even more apparent in the context of RAND licensing. Unlike straight-forward commercial contracts, such as purchase agreements, which may involve only the payment of money, RAND licenses are often complex, involving numerous material terms, such as scope, field of use, grant backs, defensive suspension, patent transfer, releases, and covenants. Moreover, at the time an initial offer is made, the licensor is typically unaware of the particular business needs, desires and considerations of the licensee. Only through negotiation can this information be known. Accordingly, licensors typically present an opening offer that allows the licensor sufficient room for compromise and bargaining.

Thus, whether Motorola’s offers were reasonable should be judged in the context of typical negotiating practices, where the reasonableness of an offer does not turn on any multiplier. In particular, Motorola did not deviate from its standard licensing practice with Microsoft – it treated Microsoft like any other potential licensee and offered its standard rate, just as it has done dozens

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DATED this 14th day of December, 2012.

RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED,

SUMMIT LAW GROUP PLLC
By /s/ Ralph H. Palumbo
Ralph H. Palumbo, WSBA #04751
Philip S. McCune, WSBA #21081
Lynn M. Engel, WSBA #21934
[emails]

By /s/ Thomas V. Miller
Thomas V. Miller
MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC
[address, phone]

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And By

Jesse J. Jenner ( pro hac vice)
Steven Pepe ( pro hac vice)
Kevin J. Post ( pro hac vice)
Ropes & Gray LLP
[address, phone, emails]

James R. Batchelder (pro hac vice)
Norman H. Beamer (pro hac vice )
Ropes & Gray LLP
[address, phone, emails]

Paul M. Schoenhard (pro hac vice
Ropes & Gray
[address, phone, email]

Attorneys for Motorola Solutions, Inc.,
Motorola Mobility LLC and General
Instrument Corp.

_______________
¹ In response to questions from the Court, Microsoft’s Dr. Lynde defined “ex ante” as before the effective adoption of the standard and “ex post” as after the standard. 11/16 Tr. 86:5-15.

² Herbert J. Hovenkamp, Competition in Information Technologies: Standards-Essential Patents, Non-Practicing Entities and FRAND Bidding, No. 12-32, University of Iowa Legal Studies Research Paper (Nov. 2012), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2154203.

³ [Redacted]

⁴ Microsoft’s experts testified that stacking could become a problem if the Court adopts Motorola’s proposed rates. 11/16 Tr. 179:1-7. But these opinions are nothing more that unsupported speculation. For example, Dr. Murphy presented a demonstrative (Ex. 4006) that purported to show that a stacking problem would exist if the Court found a RAND rate of 2.25% for Motorola’s patents. But Dr. Murphy admitted that his “simple” demonstrative was merely “illustrative”; it (1) assumed all potential licensors would try to license their patents (which has not been the case), (2) assumed all would seek – and obtain – 2.25% for their patents (which does not conform to actual practice), (3) did not account for reductions in rate due to cross-licensing (which industry practice confirms is often the case), and (4) did not account for potential differences in size, value, strength and importance between Motorola’s portfolios and the portfolios of others (which must be considered in any negotiation). 11/13 Tr. 175:12-177:10.

⁵ And while Mr. Sullivan tried to distance himself from these statements during trial, his email clearly that “anyone studying the situation would reach the same conclusions [as in his email] and say roughly the same thing. There’s no major insight here. I don’t really understand how a different impression can persist.” Ex. 2345.

⁶ While Microsoft argues self-servingly that the Via Licensing pool has been a failure because its rates are too high to attract licensees (see, e.g.,11/18 Tr. 117:18-23), an equally plausible explanation is that the rates were set too low to attract licensors. Regardless, the abject failure of the pool makes it completely inappropriate as a benchmark.

⁷ Judge Crabb also expressed skepticism that patent counting was “an appropriate way” to determine a RAND rate. (Nov. 5, 2012 Tr., Case No. 11-CV-178-BBC (W.D. Wis.), at 28.)

⁸ Microsoft was not alone in lobbying for low rates and caps. Many of the companies with the largest potential exposure advocated for low rates and annual caps, including Sony, Fujitsu, Mitsubishi, Motorola, Samsung, and Nokia. 11/13 Tr. 78:8-17, 86:11-14; 97:6-13; Ex. 1139.

⁹ Even though Motorola was involved in the discussions that set the terms of the MPEG LA H.264 license, Motorola’s decision not to join the pool was not unusual. Indeed, Apple, Nokia, IBM, and Thompson all were involved in discussions with MPEG LA and none joined the pool at that time. 11/13 Tr. 117:2-119:2; 11/16 Tr. 150:5-152:4. Similarly, Microsoft has not joined the 802.11 Via Licensing pool because “Microsoft prefers to enter into bi-lateral discussions with the Licensor’s [sic] individually.” Ex. 3194; 11/16 Tr. 153:19-155:19.

¹⁰ Dr. Simcoe admitted that a RAND rate can be above a pool rate. 11/13 Tr. 119:3-190; 11/16 Tr. 72:6-10.

¹¹ Moreover, Marvell does not sell chips that include license fees embodied in that price. 11/19 Tr. 157:18-19. As Dr. Schmalensee testified, “[i]t is certainly not uncommon for the price of a product to vastly exceed the cost or price of the hardware involved because of intellectual property.” Id. at 156:8-10.

¹² For the most part, Microsoft does not dispute that Motorola’s 802.11 patents are essential – Microsoft’s expert, Dr. Jerry Gibson, simply assumed Motorola’s patents were essential (indeed, were it otherwise, there would be no RAND obligation on Motorola’s part, and this litigation would be moot as to the 802.11 Standard). 11/15 Tr. 156:21-157:18. At trial, he attempted to modify this general assumption by raising some questions as to Dr. Williams’ essentiality analysis of two of the Motorola patents, but Dr. Williams refuted these assertions. 11/15 Tr. 108:22-109:7; 11/19 Tr. 94:19-95:3; 11/15 Tr. 107:22-108:21; 11/19 Tr. 95:5-11.

¹³ The “Wi-Fi Alliance” has established a certification program whereby companies submit products for testing to verify compliance with the Standard. Certified products are permitted to display the Wi-Fi Alliance logo. 11/19 Tr. 80:20-81:24; Ex. 2329 at 31; Ex. 2329A.

¹⁴ Microsoft owns seven patents that it says are essential to the 802.11 Standard. At least five, however, are in fact not essential. And the two remaining patents that arguably may be essential relate to subject matter that is peripheral to the normal use of 802.11 and has not been widely adopted in actual commercial use. Neither arguably essential patent is used in any Motorola 802.11-compliant product. 11/19Tr. 71:14-16; 100:24-102:16.

¹⁵ Microsoft’s expert also argued that 5,142,533 (Crisler), prior to its expiration in March 2011, was not used by the Xbox. 11/15 Tr. 106:21-107:21. Dr. Williams refuted this, explaining that his original essentiality analysis cited the use of the RTS/CTS signal, and Quality of Service (QoS) features, in the standard as an example of how Crisler read on the standard, but that Crisler did not require use of RTS/CTS, or QoS, and its claims did in fact read on the Xbox operation. 11/19 Tr. 97:14-98:10.

¹⁶ Survey results show that 19.6% of users of the Xbox 360 use 802.11 CCMP security and 12.6% of users of the Xbox 360 use 802.11 TKIP security when connecting to the Internet through Wi-Fi. 11/19 Tr. 191:4-18, 191:25- 192:9, Ex. 2392, Ex. 3034-A, PFF 706-707.

¹⁷ Microsoft’s assertions that Motorola’s patents are invalid over prior art are flawed, because it has not shown that any of the alleged references discloses each and every element of the claims of Motorola’s patents. PFF 636-59. Microsoft’s assertion that the Krause and Wu patents do not cover software decoders is equally flawed, because one of ordinary skill reading the specifications (including the references to algorithms) would understand that the “decoder apparatus” could be implemented in hardware or software. 11/19 Tr. 41:20-42:2; PFF 633-34.

¹⁸ Microsoft asserts that Motorola’s Eifrig, MBAFF, PAFF and Scan patents are limited to “interlaced” video. However, none of Motorola’s patents has claim limitations to “interlaced.” And, as Microsoft’s Dr. Sullivan explained, “whether the video is interlaced or progressive is outside the scope of the standard.” 11/14 Tr. 27:11-22; Ex. 424 at 6 (“The coding representation in H.264/AVC is primarily agnostic with respect to this video characteristic, i.e., the underlying interlaced or progressive timing of the original captured pictures.”). Microsoft ignores that the Eifrig, MBAFF, PAFF and Scan patents are directed to frame and field coding, and the Main and High profiles of the H.264 Standard cover frame and field coding. Id. These Motorola patents are optimized for interlaced video, but can also be used advantageously on progressive video. 11/19 Tr. 63:12-64:21, 43:4-44:13.

¹⁹ The smallest saleable unit for the H.264 functionality in Microsoft's products is the Xbox and Windows 7. Microsoft does not sell the Xbox H.264 decoder or the Windows 7 H.264 codec separately. [Redacted.] Likewise, the Windows H.164 codec functions are carried out in the CPU and memory of the PC and may also use a hardware accelerator. 11/13 Tr. 35:6-14; Ex. 591 at 5.

²⁰ Microsoft discourages consumers from using third party codecs, because they “can cause the player to crash, freeze or suffer reduced performance.” Ex. 1408 at 410; 11/13 Tr. 46-48; PFF 581.

²¹ Prof. Orchard failed to consider several functions in Windows Media Center. 11/14 Tr. 156-7; PFF 584.

²² This HD DVD player provides a powerful indication of the value of H.264 in the Xbox. The Xbox 360 HD DVD player’s function is to play high definition video, including H.264. Ex. [redacted]. The Xbox 360 HD DVD player had a retail price of $199, reflecting the market value Microsoft placed on being able to play high-definition H.264 video on the Xbox 360. Exs. [redacted], 3347 at 4 (“The Xbox HD DVD player is the best high-definition movie experience and value on the market.”); 11/15 Tr. 35:15-22, 37:1-15, 38:10-23.

²³ Georgia Pacific Factor 14 relates to reliance on qualified expert testimony. A typical licensing negotiation team commonly includes technical, financial, marketing and legal team members. In this case, Motorola’s experts – Drs. Schmalensee, Drabik, and Williams and Mr. Dansky – are qualified experts who have examined and evaluated evidence in the same way. Their testimony informs the analysis of Factors 6, 8, 9, and 13, as well as the hypothetical bilateral negotiation that follows. Motorola submits that, in light of the RAND commitment and based on the evidence introduced during trial, Georgia-Pacific Factors 2-5, 7, and 10-12 are neutral or have no effect.

²⁴ Simple math demonstrates that using a per-unit royalty in situations in which products vary by price has its own problems. As the Court noted, a licensee would pay the same royalty (e.g., $0.20) for the same technology regardless of whether the product is being sold for $125 or $1. 11/13 Tr. 198:14-199:8. For the $125 product, the effective royalty rate is 0.16%. For the $1 product, the effective royalty rate is 20%.

²⁵ There are other reasons why the EMVR is inapplicable in private contracts. The EMVR is a constraint on U.S. patent infringement damages. Motorola’s 802.11 and H.264 patent portfolios include patents from numerous foreign countries. Exs. 1, 2. Blindly applying the EMVR to non-U.S. patents in setting a worldwide royalty rate would have the effect of imposing a U.S. litigation constraint to arms’-length licensing around the world.

²⁶ Courts have endorsed determining a royalty rate based on one or two licenses. ResQNet.com, Inc. v. Lansa, Inc., 594 F.3d 860, 870, 872-73 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (remanding to determine a royalty based on two licenses); Procter & Gamble Co. v. Paragon Trade Brands, Inc., 989 F. Supp. 547, 614 (D. Del. 1997) (“The Court also finds the Confab license to be probative of the rate to which P & G and Paragon would have agreed at the time of infringement.”).

²⁷ The reasonableness of an offer often arises in the context of the UCC or by operation of statute. See, e.g., Qwest Corp. v. Minn. Pub. Utilities Comm’n, 684 F.3d 721, 728 (8th Cir. 2012) (finding that whether a price under 47 U.S.C. §271 is “just, reasonable and non unreasonably discriminatory” is a “fact-specific inquiry” that can be shown by demonstrating that the offered rate is either at or below the rate offered to similarly-situated companies or in arms- length agreements with such companies); Harris v. Equilon Enters., LLC, 107 F. Supp. 2d 921, 930-931 (S.D. Ohio 2000) (“‘It is settled law that a bona fide offer under the PMPA [Petroleum Marketing Practices Act] is measured by an objective market standard.’ An objectively reasonable offer is one that approaches fair market value.”); Allapattah Serv. v. Exxon Mobil, 61 F. Supp. 2d 1308, 1323 (S.D. Fla. 1999) (stating that under the UCC, a departure from customary usage and commercial practice “strongly indicate” that a price is not commercially reasonable).

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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

Arthur W. Harrigan, Jr., Esq.
Christopher T. Wion, Esq.
Shane P. Cramer, Esq.
Calfo Harrigan Leyh & Eakes LLP
[emails]

Richard A. Cederoth, Esq.
Brian R. Nester, Esq.
David T. Pritikin, Esq.
Douglas I. Lewis, Esq.
John W. McBride, Esq.
David Greenfield, Esq.
William H. Baumgartner, Jr., Esq.
David C. Giardina, Esq.
Carter G. Phillips, Esq.
Constantine L. Trela, Jr., Esq.
Ellen S. Robbins, Esq.
Nathaniel C. Love, Esq.
Sidley Austin LLP
[emails]

T. Andrew Culbert, Esq.
David E. Killough, Esq.
Microsoft Corp.
[emails]

/s/ Marcia A. Ripley
Marcia A. Ripley

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