Would you like to see how lawyers and judges talk to each other when there's no jury around to worry about? We get to, because the court has now made public the transcript of the
August 21, 2009 hearing [PDF] in
Psystar v. Apple. All we knew at the time was the very spare wording in the minutes of the hearing.As you'll see, when judges talk to lawyers, it can be very straight talk. No feather boas or glitter, no pretty pictures, and no smoothing over what he thinks. You'll also see a lot of strategy in real time on the part of the lawyers as they try to read the judge's inclinations and mood, not to mention trying to see how to help him grasp what he doesn't yet understand. And the judge? He's cutting to the chase, looking at the law, the issues, and what his role is and what the jury should and shouldn't hear. What was at issue in this hearing was discovery violations.
Psystar has just filed an appeal, after losing the litigation at the lower level, and so the Appeals Court will be reading these transcripts also, but what they will be looking for -- mistakes by the judge, if any -- differs from what we're interested in. What I want to show you is how important it is for lawyers and judges to understand technology. At issue in the hearing was some code that Psystar failed to preserve for discovery. Here's the letter Apple [PDF] sent to the court about the discovery violation, and Psystar also had filed a motion about another discovery issue. So both sides are complaining that they can't get the information they feel they need. The judge decided to hear only Apple's motion on this particular day, and he asked for further legal briefing on Psystar's issues.
Apple was asking for a jury instruction and their costs in bringing the motion. The parties had tried to resolve matters but had been unsuccessful, not being able to agree on what the sanctions should be. Psystar conceded the failure to preserve. The question was, what to do about it?
The judge is leaving for a bit, apparently on vacation, and I read the transcript to indicate he is overworked and tired of the parties' discovery issues. His worry is that the trial will have to be postponed if they don't cut it out, and so that's his issue. This is how he begins:
THE COURT: Okay, we are here on -- we're just going
to put to one side -- there was -- you bombarded me, and I'm
going to probably get a special -- I'll get a magistrate judge
to help me so since you are so contentious in this case, maybe.
I'm going to wait and see how I feel about it, but I just can't
continue to do the kind of discovery disputes that you are
bombarding me with.
We're going to only deal with today the first one
that was sent in, that was about destroying evidence. And so
we'll hear from Ms. Smith on that one. That one we will
resolve today.
Psystar had just retained a new law firm, and the motions were in large part, I'd opine, the new firm trying to reposition the case in a new direction. If you are Psystar, you do want to have that opportunity. And as the hearing continues, you can see the judge, tired and grumpy though he may seem, definitely does make arrangements that are basically fair to both parties, even though he doesn't seem to be enamored of either. Apple does win overall on this motion, no doubt about it, but he could have come down on Psystar much harder, if he'd wanted to. And he's grumpy with Apple folks too. He seems to be very aware that what had been two large law firms going at it, the scene had shifted so Apple had a large law firm and Psystar no longer did. And he really just wants them to get the show on the road without all the contentiousness. One problem when politicians can't agree about the confirmation of judges is that the ones already confirmed get overworked, and it is a real problem. Politicians may not care, but if you are before a judge, the last thing you want is for the judge to rush through without understanding your position, the facts of the case, and the underlying law. What do you make of this exchange? MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: We spent about an hour in the
meet and confer discussing the spoliation motion, and both
parties agreed that relevant evidence that should have been
produced by Psystar has been erased. That evidence consists of
two kernel extensions: The apple decrypt kernel extension and
the dsmos kernel extension, as well as a boot loader file that
we are calling the Netkas boot loader.
Now, the kernel extensions are used to circumvent
Apple's technological protection measure, and they contain
Apple's copyrighted key in them. And the boot loader is used
to enable Mac OS X to be booted up on nonApple hardware. So
we've agreed that Psystar was required to preserve that
evidence, that they were required to produce it, and that they
have erased it.
The only dispute that we have remaining here today
is what the sanctions would be. We are seeking sanctions in
the form of a jury instruction whereby the jury is instructed
that the kernels were on Psystar's machines; that they were
used and that they were erased.
We are also seeking attorney's fees associated with
this motion as well as costs that we have had to incur to have
our experts find evidence that should have been provided to us
as part of discovery.
Psystar contends -- in their letter brief, their
opposition states that it was an honest mistake, that they
didn't know that they were supposed to preserve this evidence,
but the facts bear otherwise. Back in March of this year, we
deposed Rudy Pedraza, Psystar's CEO and their designee on
technical topics, and we specifically asked him about this
dsmos kernel extension as well as the Apple decrypt kernel
extension, and here is how the testimony went:
"Q. Do you know what that dsmos
kernel extension is?
"A. No, I do not.
"Q. Have you ever seen that reference
before?
"A. No.
"Q. Never?
"A. Never."
With regard to the kernel extension for Apple
decrypt, he testified also that they never used them on their
computers.
On May 15th, we -- as of today, when we met --
actually, let me kind walk you through the chronology here,
Your Honor.
We sent a letter on May 15th about the spoliation
usual. We met and conferred with new counsel for Psystar on
the 23rd, before we filed our letter brief. In that meet and
confer session, counsel stated that Psystar had never used the
dsmos kernel extension or the Apple decrypt kernel extension on
their computers. And then we filed our motion because we
believe we had evidence that they did.
In their opposition that came in last night, they
indicated that they are now acknowledging the possibility that
copies of these kernel extensions may have accidentally be been
transferred to Psystar computers.
In our meet and confer today, we told them that but
for those kernel extensions, Mac OS X would not have run on
Psystar's computers. They went back to their client, and as of
today, 24 hours after, less than 24 hours after they filed
their opposition, their client has told them that, yes, there
is a high possibility that there is dsmos and Apple decrypt on
the earlier Psystar computers.
We believe that we are entitled to sanctions, Your
Honor, in both the --
THE COURT: Just --
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Yeah.
THE COURT: You are doing a great job of explaining
this, but assuming that -- assuming it was -- let's say Apple
decrypt was on there, so what?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So Apple decrypt is the kernel
extension they use to actually circumvent Apple's --
THE COURT: Is that illegal?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: -- technological protection
measures.
THE COURT: What's wrong with that?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: It has -- it's -- you're not
allowed to circumvent under the DMCA technological protection
measures --
THE COURT: You are not allowed to do what?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: You are not allowed to
circumvent technological protection measures that are used to
prevent access to copyrighted works.
THE COURT: And that is what some statute says?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Yes, the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act.
THE COURT: Okay, I take your word for it.
So you are saying that under that act, if you used
Apple decrypt that would a violation of the statute.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: That's correct because Apple
decrypt contains Apple's copyrighted keys. And what has
happened is they basically circumvented our technological
protection measure, which prevents Mac OS X from running on
anything but Apple Computers.
THE COURT: Okay.
How many units, roughly, were -- had this Apple
decrypt on it?
I know some of you geeks will read this and say, OMG, he doesn't know what the DMCA is? No. He does. If you read his very careful and one might say even scholarly orders, you can see he knows the law very well. It's the tech he asks them to explain to him, as you'll see. He's likely never heard of a kernel extension. He's asking Apple what they are asserting in this motion, what the law is they are relying on that they believe applies to the specific conduct complained about, that supports their assertion that the fact that Psystar erased code matters. He's being asked to sanction Psystar, after all, and award Apple money, and he wants to know what the legal basis is that Apple is claiming. In the end, he does give Apple $5,000, and he asks them to do further interrogatories to get more info from Psystar.
This is a hearing about a discovery violation; any DMCA violation is something not yet in proven by evidence, so his wording also reflects that. At that point, the expectation was that the case would go to the jury to decide if what Psystar did was a violation of the DMCA or not. So he's saying, OK, I'll accept your representations with respect to this motion hearing that this is what we are discussing. And, assuming that is so, how bad was it? He next tries to get a handle on the metes and bounds of the violation. And that's where the interrogatories come in. But I'm sure you also noticed that Pedraza, under oath, claimed he'd never even heard of dsmos. Some of you choked on your soda when you read that part. Me too. When Psystar's lawyer is asked to respond, he starts to tell a tale about Pedraza being the business guy, but then he just says he won't defend it, that it's false testimony: THE COURT: That's totally false, isn't it?
MR. CAMARA: Well --
THE COURT: I mean, sounds totally false based on
what I'm hearing today that that testimony was just false.
MR. CAMARA: Well, here's what happened. They --
the people at Psystar -- well, I won't defend that, Your Honor,
I think those answers were false.
THE COURT: All right.
MR. CAMARA: Coming from a 30(b)(6) deponent.
THE COURT: All right.
MR. CAMARA: Robert Pedraza at the business was in
charge of this, but, certainly, Rudy Pedraza should have had
that information at the 30(b)(6) deposition.
If I could give the Court some background?
THE COURT: Go ahead.
MR. CAMARA: We came into this case a month ago, as
the Court knows. And after coming in, we have done our best to
clean up the discovery that took place. We have just produced
a massive amount of documents curing, I think, almost all of
the outstanding problems, if not all of the outstanding
problems.
Blame it on the first lawyers.
But, if I may so state, it's also not so that Pedraza was *just* the business person in the company, or that he had no awareness of the tech the company was using. Engadget spoke to him in 2008, specifically talking to him about Netkas. And this lengthy article about the Pedraza brothers also identified him as a computer programmer. So he was the business guy, true, but that wasn't all he was, and he certainly would have known what the company was selling, judging from the article, and as a computer guy, he'd understand it. Even his first lawyer knew back in August of 2008 what code Psystar was then using:On claims of code modification, Springer said that the company had not made any modifications to the operating system. Any techniques applied to make Mac OS run on Psystar, he said, can be found in already available, open source software.
So while Psystar's lawyer is admitting Pedraza should have known what the code used was by the time of the deposition, in that he was supposed to be the guy representing the company in that deposition, I think Pedraza didn't need to be briefed on all that. And incidentally, Psystar's lawyer is also a geek, a programmer. He might be the only one at that hearing who completely grokked everything about the code. I question the story told about the first lawyers not informing Psystar of its discovery obligations. This was known to be a case about code. It was about a DMCA violation. Carr & Ferrell is a reputable firm that has handled other technology cases. Here's the impressive list of cases on Colby Springer's page, including the Burst v. Microsoft case. How could they not know that they had to preserve the code at issue? It's hard for me to believe that story. I guess the bottom line is that I see why judges get grumpy with lawyers sometimes. And lawyers with each other.
Here is the transcript as text, but for anything that matters, go by the PDF, as we strive for accuracy, but we're only human:
********************************
United States District Court
Northern District of California
Before The Honorable William Alsup
Apple, Incorporated,
Plaintiff.
vs.
Psystar Corporation,
Defendant.
____________________________
No. C08-3251 WHA
San Francisco, California
Thursday, August 20, 2009
Reporter's Transcript Of Proceedings
Appearances:
For Plaintiff: Townsend and Townsend and Crew
[address]
By: Mehrnaz Boroumand Smith, Esquire
James G. Gilliland, Esquire
Tyler Gee, Esquire
For Defendant: Camara & Sibley, LLP
[address]
By: K.A.D. Camara, Esquire
Kent Radford, Esquire
Noah Radbill, Esquire
Christian Curtis, Esquire
Reported By: Sahar McVickar, RPR, CSR No. 12963
Official Reporter, U.S. District Court
For the Northern District of California
(Computerized Transcription By Eclipse)
Sahar McVickar, C.S.R. No. 12963, RPR
Official Court Reporter, U.S. District Court
[phone]
Thursday, August 20, 2009 12:00 P.M.
PROCEEDINGS
THE COURT: All right, welcome, everyone. Have a
seat, please.
THE CLERK: Calling civil action 08-3251, Apple,
Inc., versus Psystar Corporation.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Mehrnaz Boroumand Smith,
Townsend, Townsend and Crew, on behalf of Apple, Inc., Your
Honor.
THE COURT: Say that name, again.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Mehrnaz Boroumand Smith.
THE COURT: Smith?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Yes.
THE COURT: Thank you.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: And I've got here with me
Tyler Gee and Jim Gilliland.
THE COURT: Great.
MR. CAMARA: I'm K.A.D. Camara for the defendant,
Psystar Corporation.
THE COURT: You are going to have to speak louder.
Whenever each lawyer talks, I'm going as to ask you
to come to the lecturn because I can't hear.
MR. CAMARA: Yes, Your Honor.
It's K.A.D. Camera for the defendant, Psystar
Corporation.
2
And I'm joined at counsel table by my colleagues,
Kent Radford, Noah Radbill and Christian Curtis.
THE COURT: All right, welcome.
MR. CAMARA: Thank you, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay, we are here on -- we're just going
to put to one side -- there was -- you bombarded me, and I'm
going to probably get a special -- I'll get a magistrate judge
to help me so since you are so contentious in this case, maybe.
I'm going to wait and see how I feel about it, but I just can't
continue to do the kind of discovery disputes that you are
bombarding me with.
We're going to only deal with today the first one
that was sent in, that was about destroying evidence. And so
we'll hear from Ms. Smith on that one. That one we will
resolve today.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Thank you, Your Honor.
Your Honor, we spent about an hour --
THE COURT: Use the microphone.
You can bend it around anywhere you want.
THE COURT: Thank you. Go ahead.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: We spent about an hour in the
meet and confer discussing the spoliation motion, and both
parties agreed that relevant evidence that should have been
produced by Psystar has been erased. That evidence consists of
two kernel extensions: The apple decrypt kernal extension and
3
the dsmos kernel extension, as well as a boot loader file that
we are calling the Netkas boot loader.
Now, the kernel extensions are used to circumvent
Apple's technological protection measure, and they contain
Apple's copyrighted key in them. And the boot loader is used
to enable Mac OS X to be booted up on nonApple hardware. So
we've agreed that Psystar was required to preserve that
evidence, that they were required to produce it, and that they
have erased it.
The only dispute that we have remaining here today
is what the sanctions would be. We are seeking sanctions in
the form of a jury instruction whereby the jury is instructed
that the kernels were on Psystar's machines; that they were
used and that they were erased.
We are also seeking attorney's fees associated with
this motion as well as costs that we have had to incur to have
our experts find evidence that should have been provided to us
as part of discovery.
Psystar contends -- in their letter brief, their
opposition states that it was an honest mistake, that they
didn't know that they were supposed to preserve this evidence,
but the facts bear otherwise. Back in March of this year, we
deposed Rudy Pedraza, Psystar's CEO and their designee on
technical topics, and we specifically asked him about this
dsmos kernel extension as well as the Apple decrypt kernel
4
extension, and here is how the testimony went:
"Q. Do you know what that dsmos
kernel extension is?
"A. No, I do not.
"Q. Have you ever seen that reference
before?
"A. No.
"Q. Never?
"A. Never."
With regard to the kernel extension for Apple
decrypt, he testified also that they never used them on their
computers.
On May 15th, we -- as of today, when we met --
actually, let me kind walk you through the chronology here,
Your Honor.
We sent a letter on May 15th about the spoliation
usual. We met and conferred with new counsel for Psystar on
the 23rd, before we filed our letter brief. In that meet and
confer session, counsel stated that Psystar had never used the
dsmos kernel extension or the Apple decrypt kernel extension on
their computers. And then we filed our motion because we
believe we had evidence that they did.
In their opposition that came in last night, they
indicated that they are now acknowledging the possibility that
copies of these kernel extensions may have accidentally be been
5
transferred to Psystar computers.
In our meet and confer today, we told them that but
for those kernel extensions, Mac OS X would not have run on
Psystar's computers. They went back to their client, and as of
today, 24 hours after, less than 24 hours after they filed
their opposition, their client has told them that, yes, there
is a high possibility that there is dsmos and Apple decrypt on
the earlier Psystar computers.
We believe that we are entitled to sanctions, Your
Honor, in both the --
THE COURT: Just --
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Yeah.
THE COURT: You are doing a great job of explaining
this, but assuming that -- assuming it was -- let's say Apple
decrypt was on there, so what?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So Apple decrypt is the kernel
extension they use to actually circumvent Apple's --
THE COURT: Is that illegal?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: -- technological protection
measures.
THE COURT: What's wrong with that?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: It has -- it's -- you're not
allowed to circumvent under the DMCA technological protection
measures --
THE COURT: You are not allowed to do what?
6
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: You are not allowed to
circumvent technological protection measures that are used to
prevent access to copyrighted works.
THE COURT: And that is what some statute says?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Yes, the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act.
THE COURT: Okay, I take your word for it.
So you are saying that under that act, if you used
Apple decrypt that would a violation of the statute.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: That's correct because Apple
decrypt contains Apple's copyrighted keys. And what has
happened is they basically circumvented our technological
protection measure, which prevents Mac OS X from running on
anything but Apple Computers.
THE COURT: Okay.
How many units, roughly, were -- had this Apple
decrypt on it?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: It's unclear, Your Honor,
because we don't -- we bought -- our experts ended up buying
several those units, and we don't know when they started
shipping another decryption text on their computers.
But we know that at least up until September, so
between April and September we believe they were using either
Apple decrypt or dsmos.
THE COURT: What are they using now --
7
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: But part of the issue is they
destroyed evidence, and we don't know.
THE COURT: What are they using now to run Apple?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: They are using another kernel
extension that they have written called OpenCojones.text and
that also contains Apple's copyrighted key.
THE COURT: Is that a violation, too?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Yes, Your Honor.
I believe the only difference between the Apple
decrypt kernel extensions and the open Cojones kernel extension
is that in the Apple decrypt and dsmos kernel extensions the
key is written out, just in the form of a poem, and in open
Cojones, an algorithm is running to retrieve that poem, and
then the poem is used to go into the decryption engine.
THE COURT: Well, since you know all of this now --
I'm losing track of what the problem is.
Sounds like you we could prove everything you want
to prove, so what's the problem/
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Well, the problem is, Your
Honor, we have two computers on which we can prove this.
Psystar sold a bunch of computers. They had source code or
executable code that they have destroyed or written over. And
had we had that code and all versions of it up until today, we
would be able to show that, together with our master copies,
what they were shipping on their computers at any given point
8
in time.
THE COURT: But their brief says that there were
only three lines of code destroyed.
What am I thinking of.?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So their brief says that they
destroyed opened Cojones -- I'm sorry, they destroyed dsmos and
Apple decrypt as well as the boot loader. And so --
THE COURT: Presumably, that's more than three lines
of code.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Yeah, that -- oh, you're
thinking of the change in the boot loader, Your Honor, and that
is a different issue.
THE COURT: Different issue, all right, well, don't
even get to that yet.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Okay.
THE COURT: So -- well, wait a minute, let's go
back.
At the master file stage, you're saying that they
deleted from their master file Apple decrypt, for example?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So what we area saying is they
deleted from their code the Apple decrypt kernel extension as
well as the Apple -- as well as the dsmos kernel extension.
Maybe I should go back and explain how all this
stuff works together, if that's okay, if it would be helpful?
THE COURT: Do it in less than one minute, okay.
9
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Okay.
So in order to run Mac OS X on nonApple hardware,
Psystar had to do two things: They had to use the kernel
extensions that I've been talking about, and they also had to
modify the operating system by using different boot loader
because the boot loader that is used in Mac OS X is
specifically for Apple computers, and the boot loader that they
are using is for nonApple hardware.
What they do, is they take a --
THE COURT: What they did, or -- what you mean what
they did?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So what they did was they
wrote over that code, Your Honor.
THE COURT: They did what?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: They wrote over that code.
THE COURT: Over what code?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: The code for Apple decrypt and
dsmos as well as the boot loader code for the Netkas boot
loader.
THE COURT: "Write over" means what?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: They -- from my understanding
of what I've been told by counsel, is that they just continued
to program, and they didn't save different versions of the
code.
So let's say today I'm programming, I write some
10
portion of the code, and then tomorrow I decide I want to write
over that, I write over it, but I don't preserve what I had
before.
THE COURT: But some of these must have been out
there on real machines.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Correct, because what they did
ways they took the -- some of this code, and they stamped it
onto master copies. A master copy is then taken and stamped
onto each computer that is sold to customers.
THE COURT: So why don't you just rely on the master
copy?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: I'm sorry?
THE COURT: Why don't you just rely on that master
copy?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Because they haven't produced
the master copy, and it doesn't exist anymore.
So if we had the master copy for each time that --
from -- the master copies from April of 2008, when they started
shipping their computers, till today, then we would be able to
establish during that time frame which computers had Apple
decrypt on them and which computers had dsmos on them, which
computers had the Netkas boot loader on them. But because we
don't have the master copies and because they have written over
the source code over time and the executable code, we don't
have any of that information.
11
THE COURT: Have you requested the master copies?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: We have, Your Honor. And
they've produced what they have, but they don't have the
initial master copies, the ones that matter.
THE COURT: How many do they have?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: They have produced two.
They've produced one as of is July of 2009, so last month, and
they've produced, I believe, another one as well.
Is that correct?
MR. CAMARA: Yes, one earlier and one in July, Your
Honor.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Right.
THE COURT: Okay. Have a seat. I'm going to give
you a chance to speak some more in a minute.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Thank you, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Let me hear the other side.
All right, what do you have to say?
MR. CAMARA: Your Honor, I think you've identified
the issue correctly, which is that they have copies of what was
on Psystar's computers. That's, in fact, the basis for their
motion. They have copies of these kernel extensions, which
were --
THE COURT: Yeah, but they don't know how many you
put it on.
MR. CAMARA: Well, we don't know the answer to that
12
and they don't know to answer that.
THE COURT: If you haven't destroyed the evidence,
we would know.
MR. CAMARA: We would, but we have offered to
stipulate that until the time the computers had open Cojones on
them, we will stipulate that all of them had this code on them.
So I think there can be no prejudice to them. We
offered that in the meet and confer. And because we recognize
that the failure to preserve these documents makes it
impossible to tell which, if any, computers --
THE COURT: Maybe that will work. Don't go away.
Ms. Smith what's wrong with that?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So --
THE COURT: Doesn't that proving everything you need
to prove?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So what -- the other part of
the meet and confer that Mr. --
THE COURT: Wait. Just address that part about the
stipulation that -- what's wrong with that stipulation?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So that's stipulation works,
so long as it's presented to the jury.
THE COURT: Of course it would be.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Right. But Mr. Camera
indicated in meet and confer that they wanted to bifurcate and
not provide that information to the jury, was my understanding.
13
MR. CAMARA: I think that is a simple
miscommunication, Your Honor.
If what we are telling the jury is that Apple
decrypt dsmos and the Netkas boot loader were on all Psystar
computers shipped before a certain date, we are happy to have
that be an instruction to the jury.
What I was talking about was if the Court were to
prefer a more prejudicial instruction, like Psystar destroyed
evidence.
THE COURT: What's wrong with telling the jury that
you destroyed the evidence?
MR. CAMARA: Well, Your Honor, we think --
THE COURT: Is there an issue of bad faith in this
case?
MR. CAMARA: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Well, if there is an issue of bad faith
and somebody's been destroying evidence, that's highly
relevant.
MR. CAMARA: Yes, Your Honor, we think it's
certainly highly relevant to the pre-September 2008 computers
that contain that destroyed evidence, but we think it would be
highly prejudicial with respect to the post-2000 -- sorry, the
post September 2008 computers, which everyone agrees do not
contain and never did contain Apple decrypt, dsmos, et cetera.
So if we could not present to the jury with respect
14
to what Psystar is doing now --
THE COURT: We are not going to have two trials.
What do you mean, two trials? We are going to have one jury
hear everything and sort it out.
MR. CAMARA: Well --
THE COURT: If your people happened to destroy
evidence along the way that's relevant, then the jury is going
to hear about it. And that's your problem if it's prejudicial
because, you know, evidence can be prejudicial, but rightly so.
And if somebody is destroying evidence, that's your -- to my
mind, a jury can at least say, hey, they've been out destroying
evidence, they're guilty as sin.
MR. CAMARA: It's certainly relevant to the
computers that were printed from the -- the missing master boot
copies. And I certainly would have no objection to
Mr. Gilliland or Ms. Smith crossing our witnesses using the
destruction of that evidence.
THE COURT: All right.
MR. CAMARA: But it isn't, relevant, I think, Your
Honor, to the computers that were manufactured after September
of 2008.
THE COURT: Why don't you just prove that the ones
after September 2008 don't have that -- the offending modules
on it?
MR. CAMARA: In fact, it's agreed that that's so,
15
Your Honor. And that's precisely the way we would like to
proceed, we would like to have competing lawyer argument and
cross-examination and testimony.
What we object to is an instruction that tells the
jury that there has been destruction of evidence because it's
quite possible that the jury will think that that's prejudicial
not only as to the preSeptember 2008 computers, but also as to
the post-September 2008 computers.
They will have a field day on cross with this
evidence, and that's perfectly proper, but I don't think it
requires an instruction from the Court for them to have the
advantage that they are entitled to.
THE COURT: Well, let me give you some general
principles. I'm missing something in this discussion, so I
want you to help me understand what I'm missing.
One way to go here is to just let Apple prove --
we'll have no stipulations. One way to go is no stipulations,
and then Apple just prove it up at trial that all this stuff
was destroyed. That happens in a lot of trials, and the jury
then says, ah-hah, they destroyed evidence, I don't like these
people, they are trying to infringe.
But the jury gets all that information because it's
highly relevant to the issue of intent. That's one way to go.
Another way to way go would be have a stipulation,
but if you have a stipulation, you can't have it both ways.
16
You can't then start putting in the same evidence that the
stipulation goes to. So you would just have a cold two or
three sentence stipulation that says here is what we did, here
is what we did not do. And then you just argue it to the jury
that there is bad faith, based on -- you wouldn't be putting in
additional evidence because that would be superfluous.
Those are two different ways to try a case, one with
a stipulation that knocks out a lot of the Q and A, one without
it but you don't get the benefit of the stipulation but you
would then get the Q and A.
Ms. Smith, what bothers me about your approach is
you want me to instruct -- I'm not going to do all this
instructing the jury. I can tell them that if somebody
destroys evidence, they can consider that on the issues of bad
faith, sure I can do that. But I'm not going to say that there
has been bad faith. I'm not going to say that there has been
destruction, unless something -- if you all were to stipulate
and say here is what was destroyed, here is what is not
destroyed, then I can instruct the jury along those lines, of
course.
But then that would preclude you from -- maybe not
100 percent, but 90 percent from getting into the details of
that with evidentiary material because that is the whole point
of the stipulation. So what am I missing here?
Now, I'll give you one other -- some lawyers in your
17
position, Ms. Smith, would be delighted to have all this
evidence, and you would just throw it in front of the jury and
say look how bad these people are. And you would not want a
stipulation. You would not -- so what is it you are trying to
ask me to -- be careful what you wish for, because you might
get it and regret it at trial.
What is it you want me to do?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Well, to the extent Your Honor
is saying that the information would be -- we wouldn't be able
to bring that information in front of the jury --
THE COURT: To the extent -- I'm not saying -- I am
saying that if you have a stipulation, then the other side is
going to stand up and say we've covered that by the
stipulation, why are we going into this. And I probably at
some point -- I'll give you a little bit of loosey-goosey room
because no stipulation is perfect, but I would probably cut you
off before -- and you'd be unhappy about it.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Then I guess you are right,
Your Honor, I should be careful about what I'm asking for. And
I would say that we want to bring that evidence in front of the
jury and make sure that they do realize what Psystar has done
as far as writing over the code and destroying evidence.
But we still would like to seek the expenses that we
have incurred bringing this motion as well as the expert --
THE COURT: What is the relief you are getting here?
18
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: I'm sorry?
THE COURT: What is the relief that you are getting
that is -- warrants attorney's fees?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Well, it's the fact that had
they not lied to us in their 30(b)(6) deposition, Your Honor,
and told us that they did -- we basically went down this whole
path trying to find all of this information. We have spent
time meeting and conferring with them, writing briefs, only to
find out today what we should have known back in May --
THE COURT: Go back over all that. That sounds
plausible. Go back through that chronology of how you got
misled on this.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Sure.
So back in March, we had a 30(b)(6) deposition of
Psystar's CEO, Rudy Pedraza. At that deposition, we asked him
whether he knew what the dsmos kernel extension was, whether
Psystar used the dsmos kernal extension --
THE COURT REPORTER: Slow down just a little for me.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: I'm sorry.
And similarly, we asked him about the Apple decrypt
kernel extension and whether or not Psystar used that kernel
extension: The answers to all of those questions were "no."
We then --
THE COURT: Stop just a second.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Yes.
19
THE COURT: That's totally false, isn't it?
MR. CAMARA: Well --
THE COURT: I mean, sounds totally false based on
what I'm hearing today that that testimony was just false.
MR. CAMARA: Well, here's what happened. They --
the people at Psystar -- well, I won't defend that, Your Honor,
I think those answers were false.
THE COURT: All right.
MR. CAMARA: Coming from a 30(b)(6) deponent.
THE COURT: All right.
MR. CAMARA: Robert Pedraza at the business was in
charge of this, but, certainly, Rudy Pedraza should have had
that information at the 30(b)(6) deposition.
If I could give the Court some background?
THE COURT: Go ahead.
MR. CAMARA: We came into this case a month ago, as
the Court knows. And after coming in, we have done our best to
clean up the discovery that took place. We have just produced
a massive amount of documents curing, I think, almost all of
the outstanding problems, if not all of the outstanding
problems.
We have produced witnesses for depositions,
including Mr. Pedraza, again, in Miami. Mr. Pedraza's is being
deposed still again next week here in San Francisco.
So we have taken major steps. We have implemented a
20
source control program to maintain changes. All changes that
are committed to the source code so that something like that
won't happen again in the future.
Rudy and Robert Pedraza, this is a startup in Miami.
It's a small office. There are five guys running this
business. They did not receive advice from former counsel
about how the preservation rules applied to things like source
code and things like the document images. And, regretfully,
some of this has not been preserved.
We have offered stipulations, as Your Honor just
heard, that we think cure the problem from a substantive point
of view. And so we think that Rudy and Robert acted in good
faith and continued to act in good faith, especially over the
past month, taken steps to cure all the substantive objections
so that a substantial penal argument is not warranted.
With respect to the missing files, Apple decrypt,
dsmos and the Netkas boot loader, it's clear that Apple and
Apple's counsel would have undertaken an independent
investigation to verify whether or not those files were on our
computers, no matter what with Psystar had produced in
discovery. That's what any good lawyer would do.
So certainly, if there is any award, we would hope
that it be narrowly tailored to any additional work that this
discovery fight has generated. Certainly, the independent
investigation into computers that they bought would have been
21
performed no matter what.
THE COURT: Here is one thing that I think should be
done, and this is not a stipulation, per se, it's going to be a
court ordered interrogatory.
But Ms. Smith, you are going to write it. I don't
want a big firm -- I don't want a big firm thing with
definitions and instructions, just a plain interrogatory with
no lead-in that says something like, do you admit that Apple
decrypt was used on computers? You make it, you know, refine
that.
Then I assume your answer is going to be "yes."
MR. CAMARA: Well, Your Honor, I think so, too, but
we haven't seen the basis for their motion. They haven't
supplied the expert testimony.
THE COURT: They don't need to.
Listen, you ought to go what was on your own
computers. If you don't know what's on your own computers, I'm
going to get upset.
MR. CAMARA: We have offered that as a stipulation,
and the answer will be yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: All right.
And then the next question is on how many computers
was it on? And then you ask the same question, dmso, and how
many was it on. And then these are going to be court-ordered
interrogatories which you can read to the jury.
22
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Okay.
THE COURT: And so you get this done by Monday.
And then you answer it by Monday of the following
week.
MR. CAMARA: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: And now, I don't want 36
interrogatories, I'm thinking about like 8 or 9 that would pin
down this information that's come out today.
Ms. Smith, are you following me?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: I am, Your Honor.
THE COURT: All right, so at least you'll get that
much relief. You'll get a clear-cut interrogatory answer and
-- that you can read to the jury. That's not a stipulation,
that's a interrogatory answer.
Now, the jury may take into account that during the
course of discovery you tried to clean up the problem. But
they can also figure out, probably, that there was some monkey
business going on earlier. And maybe that indicates bad faith,
and that's up to them.
If they want to -- you know this would be classic
evidence that goes to intent, if they were lying about whether
the Apple decrypt was used or not. So that part I think should
be done.
And then explain the boot loader thing to me -- boot
loader thing to me.
23
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Sure.
So the boot loader, Your Honor, is a -- it's a file
that allows the computer to boot up on certain hardware.
THE COURT: Right, I understand that.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: And what they've done -- in
order to run Mac OS X on nonApple hardware, you have to modify
the boot loader that is contained within the copyrighted works
that constitute the Mac OS X.
So what they have done is basically taken a new boot
loader, put it in together with the Mac OS X software in order
to allow it to run on the hardware that they want it to run on.
They have created a derivative work, in essence.
And what they have done is they have not provided to
us, in either master copy or as part of executable code, the
Netkas boot loader that they used, which is separate and
different from the boot loader that is used by Apple as part of
Mac OS X.
THE COURT: Just a second. I want your
interrogatories -- write this down -- to state that they admit
that the masters were destroyed, and that the dates -- and they
ask for the dates that they were destroyed. I'm talking about
the ones that had those Apple and dsmos on it.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Okay.
THE COURT: All right, so, now, coming back to the
boot loader, what do you say to the boot loader problem?
24
MR. CAMARA: Your Honor, it's exactly the same
problem. Just as Apple decrypt and dsmos were on those images,
so was Netkas. And we would be happy to answer the same
interrogatories --
THE COURT: All right, those -- add those to the
interrogatories.
Now, how much are you asking for by way of
sanctions?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: We are seeking the amount that
we expended on filing this motion.
THE COURT: How much is that?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: I haven't done the
calculation. I apologize.
THE COURT: You get $5000.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Okay, thank you, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Probably a lot less than you really
spent. But --
You going to complain about $5000?
MR. CAMARA: No, Your Honor.
THE COURT: All right, $5000.
Now, on the other one -- you know, I just got -- you
are using this as an occasion to argue over this one, and then
-- and then instead of replying, I get these brand new
arguments, brand new products.
So Ms. Smith, what's going on here?
25
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So, Your Honor, this -- we
have a motion that was filed by Mr. Camera with regards to
topic three deposition that they noticed up on a 30(b)(6).
This is our opposition. I know you didn't order us to respond.
It's an opposition, as well as a motion for protective order on
certain issues.
THE COURT: Just a minute.
Why can't they take a deposition of your people on
what that harm has been? I don't buy -- it's bogus to say that
this is for experts. How are their experts going to prepare
their reports without knowing what you contend are the damage
items?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So, Your Honor, we did provide
testimony on harm to Apple. We provided testimony on
irreparable injury to Apple, specifically. And Mr. Schiller
was designated to testify on that topic, and he did testify for
several hours, actually, during his personal --
THE COURT: Well, then, what's the problem?
MR. CAMARA: Your Honor, he was not designated on
irreparable injury. Irreparable injury, as you know, is a
predicate to an injunction, it has nothing to do with harm. I
can read from (sic) you from our brief exactly what those were,
and, indeed, Apple's agreement that provides --
THE COURT: All right.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So I did misspeak, Your Honor.
26
I meant to say injury and not irreparable injury. But what we
did have him testify on was irreparable injury.
THE COURT: Well, somebody should be testifying
about damages.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So our damages except is going
to be testifying about that as well. We're not --
THE COURT: But, how are they going to do their
damage study?
You know, it's not just the plaintiff gets a damage
study; they get to go out and hire an expert, and they got to
be feeding him information all this time. And if you are
stonewalling on the issue of how you have been damaged, they
are going to have two weeks to prepare.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: That's correct, Your Honor. I
understand they have the right to have certain information, but
we are not seeking lost profits in this case, and we have told
them that.
The information that they are seeking is subject to
another topic, topic 8, and not to topic three. They are
seeking information about profit margins and revenues, and what
not.
THE COURT: What are you seeking, then? What kind
of damages are you seeking?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So for our breach of contract
case, we are seeking disgorgement as well as -- or nominal
27
damages. For our copyright infringement and our DMCA claims,
we are seeking statutory damages. And for our trademark
claims, we are going to prove that there has been harm to
Apple's brand and tarnishment, as well.
THE COURT: How are you going to prove that?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: We are going to prove that
through secondary -- establishing evidence of secondary meaning
and likelihood of confusion surveys that we are going to submit
tomorrow.
THE COURT: What do you say to what counsel just
said, Mr. Camera?
MR. CAMARA: Your Honor, first, they only waived the
lost profits claim after we had this fight at the deposition.
So to say that that somehow excuses the failure to present the
witness on the topic is not correct.
If we look at their objections to our deposition
topic, they have all the big firm objections, and then at the
end they say, subject to and without waiving these objections
and a general statement and objections. Apple will provide a
witness to testify on injury suffered by Apple as a result of
the unlawful acts committed by Psystar that Apple complains
about in this action. We went to that deposition, prepared to
take it, and Mr. Schiller refused to give us testimony on that
point.
With respect to the relevance of lost profits from
28
Apple, that is relevant to the statutory damages award that
they seek in this case.
THE COURT: Say that again. You said it okay, I
just was back on that point.
Say it again.
MR. CAMARA: Sure, Your Honor.
They are claiming that lost profits are no longer
relevant because they have stipulated not to seek them, agreed
not to seek them.
THE COURT: Um-hmm.
MR. CAMARA: They are still relevant to the
statutory damages claim because one factor that a jury can
consider in setting statutory damages under the Copyright Act
is the amount of injury to the plaintiff. And a major part of
the injury to the plaintiff, Apple, based on the sale of
Psystar computers running Mac OS X, is any decline in sales and
any loss of profit that Apple suffered.
And the legislative history and the cases
interpreting the statutory damages provision of the Copyright
Act bear that out. If the Court will indulge me, to quote,
simply, from the Senate report, quote, "The plaintiff in an
infringes suit is not obliged to submit proof of damages and
profits and may choose to rely on the provision for minimum
statutory damages."
But that's not what they are seeking, they want the
29
jury to pick a number from the range. However, there is
nothing in section 504, this section, to prevent a court from
taking account of evidence concerning actual damages and
profits in making an award of statutory damages.
And the Supreme Court in Feltner, the decision that
guarantees a jury trial on statutory damages in a copyright
case, says that in setting what it believes is a just award,
the jury can be presented with all evidence relevant to what is
a just award.
And here, I think the actual damages suffered by the
plaintiff are plainly relevant. It's their election whether to
pursue actuals or statutories. But even if they pursue the
statutories, we get to argue that the actuals weren't that
large.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Your Honor, may I respond?
THE COURT: What do you say?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So the case law on statutory
damages in copyright case does look at different factors as to
what the range of damages will be, whether they should be on
the higher end or the lower end. But what they look at
specifically, and this is throughout all the copyright cases,
is not lost profits, but lost revenues to the plaintiff. They
do look at lost profits for the defendant, but they look at
lost revenues for the plaintiff.
THE COURT: Say that again.
30
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: They don't look at lost
profits.
THE COURT: The "they" is who?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: The courts.
THE COURT: Court don't look at?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Don't look at lost profits for
the plaintiff, they look at lost revenues. That is the factor
that they consider rather than lost profits.
What they do look at is lost profits for the
defendant as a factor.
THE COURT: How can the defendant lose anything?
They are the wrongdoer.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: That's true.
THE COURT: So how do they lose anything?
Maybe you mean profits, disgorgement.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Sorry, not lost profits, but
profits.
THE COURT: All right.
Mr. Camera, what do you say to Ms. Smith? She says
that the case law does not allow for -- you got to look only at
revenue, not profits, for the plaintiff.
MR. CAMARA: With respect, Your Honor, the statute
does not say that. The cases that Counsel's discussing are
mainly District Court cases that cite kind of a popular
paragraph that lists some factors but doesn't purport to be
31
exclusive.
The Supreme Court, in Feltner, held that you are
entitled to a jury trial on statutory damages and that the jury
may hear anything relevant to setting that award.
I think it's clearly relevant to what amount of
penalty is fair to know what injury was done. And here, the
injury is that sales that would have gone to Apple went to
Psystar instead, that's the central element of injury.
So when we are arguing to the jury that the number
from the range, which is quite large, 750 to 150,000 for wilful
infringement, should be on the low end of that range, I think
we're entitled to say, hey, the computer's price was 2 or
$3000, and not all of that was profit. In fact, quite a small
amount of it was profit.
THE COURT: I'm not prepared to make a legal ruling
on what the statute would allow a jury to consider on the issue
of statutory damages.
So are you willing to state on the record that you
had no profits, Ms. Smith? I can't believe that would be true.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Well, Your Honor, it's not
that we had no profits -- I'm sorry.
THE COURT: Well, why -- so his argument,
Mr. Camera's argument, is the jury can consider the extent to
which Apple would have made any profit on this, anyway. And I
am not going to make a legal ruling on that now, so why don't
32
you just go give him the information?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Your Honor, we have several
concerns about giving our profit margins to -- to the
defendants in this case.
One of them stems from recent activity on their
website where they have stated that -- they have actually
listed all the people that are being deposed from our side,
given the dates, and asked people to provide questions for
those depositions. At the end of that listing, they have
indicated that after this case is over they will provide
information that comes out of those depositions to the public.
We have -- we are very concerned. Our profit
margins, all of this information that they are seeking is
extremely confidential to Apple, they don't release it at all.
And so they're concerned that if they hand over this
information to anyone on the other side that it will be
released to the public. And it's a legitimate concern based on
the statements that are on Psystar's website.
Additionally, this information, Your Honor, is not
relevant. And we would be happy to further brief this issue of
statutory damages and what information is relevant to the
assessment of statutory damages.
One other thing, Your Honor: We have agreed to
produce a witness to testify as to our revenues, our costs --
sorry, our revenues associated with Mac OS X and the CPUs, our
33
R & D costs and the advertising and marketing costs associated
with those. What we do not want to reveal is our profit
margins on a product-by-product line.
There are profit margins for Apple, generally across
the board in our 10Ks, but they are not reliant on a
profit-by-profit line. They are highly confidential. And if
any of that information at any point got out, it would be very
problematic for Apple.
THE COURT: Is there any information -- sorry. Is
there any briefing on this point in this paper paperwork now?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: There is --
THE COURT: On the legal point.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: There is very little briefing
on the legal point with the exception of on page 3, where I
cite to some cases with regards to the statutory damages, but
it's not briefed extensively.
THE COURT: Is this what this whole issue is,
Mr. Camera, is on profit margin by product?
MR. CAMARA: No, no. That's one part of the issue,
Your Honor, but we would ask other questions about harm to
Apple of the 30(b)(6) witness designated on that topic.
This is also a procedural aspect to this, Your
Honor, which is that we made that designation, they made a
variety of objections to it, but not this one. And, indeed,
they, in their objections, stated affirmatively that they would
34
provide a witness to testify about harm to Apple. It's only at
the deposition itself that this objection was asserted.
As Your Honor knows, the expert deadline is tomorrow
for case in chief evidence, and rebuttal experts are a few
weeks after that. And then the summary judgment deadline hits.
So we would request that the Court rule on the legal issue at
the appropriate time, perhaps in a motion in limine, but not
hold up fact discovery and thereby delay our ability to prepare
for experts, summary judgment, and trial.
THE COURT: Well, you ought to go ahead and do the
depositions on what they are willing to provide. And then in
the meantime, I'm going to ask you to submit by Monday briefs
on the issue of whether or not Townsend is correct that the
profit margins for the plaintiff are irrelevant, irrevocably
irrelevant.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Your Honor, may we be
permitted to do the deposition on the topic that -- on the
information that we are willing to provide next week?
THE COURT: Go ahead and do that, yes. Because, I
mean, I won't rule on this, probably, next week. I won't even
be here next week.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Okay, Your Honor.
THE COURT: So I won't be able to rule on it. But
you can get the briefing done -- in fact, I'll give you till
Thursday of next week. My law clerk can be looking at it. And
35
both sides simultaneously submit, and as soon as I get back,
I'll try to rule on it around August 31.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: So submit by Thursday of next
week?
THE COURT: You got all these problems: I may have
to undo the trial date if you continue to have all these
problems because, see, now you are putting me in a position
where you are going to come in and say, oh, we go to redo the
experts, oh, we got to do all this after-the-fact discovery.
I'm not going to undo the trial date yet, but this
is what -- all these discovery motions put a lot of pressure on
the trial date and the schedule.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: We understand that, Your
Honor.
MR. CAMARA: Your Honor, given that the witness
designated to testify on damages refused to do so, might we
request that that deposition take place in Houston, which would
be far more convenient for us and for our cash-strapped client?
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Your Honor, they are out here
next week for depositions for Rudy Pedraza, anyways, because
one point that Mr. Camera didn't mention was the fact that all
of their financials documents were not provided to us until
last Friday.
THE COURT: All right, do all of that out here. I
don't think it's warranted to go to Houston yet.
36
Is there another dispute you have, or is that it?
MR. CAMARA: That is all on our side, Your Honor.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: I believe that's it for us
right now, as well, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Now, Ms. Smith, in your submission next
week, in addition to saying you are not going to seek lost
profits, you might offer whatever proviso that would be on the
issue of statutory damages, such as Apple has refused to or
will refuse to tell the jury what that profit margins are. And
the jury is entitled to assume the worst. I don't know, I'm
making that up, but, you know, on the one hand you don't want
-- you want to accuse them of stonewalling, and then whenever
it comes time for you to turn over some information, you don't
want the jury to know it.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Your Honor --
THE COURT: So think about whether or not you are
being even-handed.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Your Honor, we don't believe
the information is relevant, but we will do what you say.
THE COURT: Well, you may be right. I'm not going
to say -- but you may be wrong on that, too. And if under
statutory damages that's relevant and you refuse to turn it
over, I'm going to tell the jury that you have stonewalled.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Okay, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Just like we are going to let the jury
37
know that they have destroyed evidence.
MR. CAMARA: Thank you, Your Honor.
MS. BOROUMAND SMITH: Thank you.
THE COURT: All right, see you soon.
(Proceedings adjourned at 12:45 p.m.)
38
CERTIFICATE OF REPORTER
I, Sahar McVickar, Official Court Reporter for the
United States Court, Northern District of California, hereby
certify that the foregoing proceedings were reported by me, a
certified shorthand reporter, and were thereafter transcribed
under my direction into typewriting; that the foregoing is a
full, complete and true record of said proceedings as bound by
me at the time of filing. The validity of the reporter's
certification of said transcript may be void upon disassembly
and/or removal from the court file.
/s/ Sahar McVickar
Sahar McVickar, RPR, CSR No. 12963
Friday, August 21, 2009
39
|